Voltage Problems on Farms with Agricultural Biogas Plants—A Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- the possibility of using biogas as a fuel for internal combustion engines [27];
- an increase in regional/national energy security through the development of distributed energy [28];
- a reduction in the cost of disposing of organic waste [29];
- mitigation of adverse climate change [30];
- use of local energy resources [31];
- production of wholesome manure [32].
2. Materials and Methods
- Mains frequency is the number of repetitions in the time waveform of the fundamental component of the supply voltage measured over a specified time interval. The frequency deviation is the difference between a given value and the rated frequency value exhibited during regular power system operation over at least a few seconds. The frequency deviation should, in most cases, not exceed +/− 1% of the rated grid frequency.
- Voltage deviation (slow voltage variation) is the difference between the actual and rated mains voltage values. In most cases, the free voltage variation should not exceed ± 10% of the rated mains voltage value.
- Voltage fluctuations (rapid changes in voltage). Indicators that characterise voltage fluctuations include:
- -
- The amplitude of voltage fluctuations is expressed as the ratio of the voltage variation value to the rated voltage. In most cases, this value should not exceed 3%,
- -
- frequency of voltage fluctuation amplitudes or, in the case of periodic fluctuations, the frequency of voltage fluctuations;Short-term flicker index Pst (index indicating the annoyance of flickering light over a few minutes). Pst = 1 is the conventional threshold for the annoyance of light flicker;
- -
- the long-term flicker index Plt (an index indicating the annoyance of flickering light over a long period, of the order of a few hours). In most cases, the index Plt should not exceed 1. The value of the index is determined from successive values of Pst, according to the relation:
- Voltage asymmetry—unequal voltage values and/or unequal angles between successive phase voltages. The asymmetry of the system of supply voltages results, among other things, in the appearance of symmetrical components of the opposite order. The parameter describing this condition is the voltage asymmetry factor αU% (opposite voltage asymmetry) [36,44]:In most cases, the voltage asymmetry factor should not exceed 2%.
- The distortion of the voltage waveform, defined by the total harmonic distortion factor (THDU) [45]:
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of the Supply Network Parameters of the Agricultural Biogas Plant under Study
3.2. Analysis of the Feeding System of the Biogas Plant under Study
3.3. Analysis of the Main Supply Parameters of the Studied Agricultural Biogas Plant after Changing the Supply Cable
3.4. Analysis of the Main Supply Parameters of the Studied Agricultural Biogas Plant after Changing the Supply Cable
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Before the Changes | After Changes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Deviation from Rated Value | Frequency | Deviation from Rated Value | |
[Hz] | [%] | [Hz] | [%] | |
Average value | 49.995 | −0.010 | 49.996 | −0.008 |
Minimum value | 49.910 | −0.180 | 49.900 | −0.200 |
Maximum value | 50.080 | 0.160 | 50.070 | 0.140 |
Quantile 95 | 49.970 | 0.040 | 49.970 | 0.040 |
Parameter | L1 Phase | L2 Phase | L3 Phase | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phase Voltage | Deviation from the Rated Voltage | Phase Voltage | Deviation from the Rated Voltage | Phase Voltage | Deviation from the Rated Voltage | |
[V] | [%] | [V] | [%] | [V] | [%] | |
Before the changes | ||||||
Average value | 238.913 | 3.452 | 238.120 | 3.109 | 233.096 | 0.934 |
Minimum value | 203.260 | −11.986 | 200.130 | −13.341 | 197.070 | −14.666 |
Maximum value | 258.650 | 11.999 | 257.120 | 11.336 | 248.810 | 7.738 |
Quantile 95 | 253.480 | 9.760 | 252.110 | 10.167 | 244.450 | 10.850 |
After changes | ||||||
Average value | 242.655 | 5.073 | 241.368 | 4.515 | 240.101 | 3.967 |
Minimum value | 214.320 | −7.197 | 212.130 | −8.145 | 208.580 | −9.682 |
Maximum value | 254.120 | 10.037 | 254.280 | 10.106 | 251.760 | 9.015 |
Quantile 95 | 250.980 | 8.678 | 251.737 | 9.005 | 247.690 | 7.253 |
Parameter | Before the Changes | After Changes |
---|---|---|
αU | αU | |
[%] | [%] | |
Average value | 0.315 | 0.350 |
Minimum value | 0.010 | 0.020 |
Maximum value | 1.230 | 1.120 |
Quantile 95 | 0.610 | 0.620 |
Before the Changes | After Changes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | PltL1 | PltL2 | PltL3 | PltL1 | PltL2 | PltL3 |
Average value | 2.688 | 2.762 | 2.887 | 0.993 | 1.141 | 1.074 |
Minimum value | 1.540 | 1.620 | 1.690 | 0.720 | 0.830 | 0.790 |
Maximum value | 3.840 | 3.960 | 4.160 | 2.180 | 1.830 | 1.860 |
Quantile 95 | 3.500 | 3.580 | 3.767 | 1.384 | 1.691 | 1.440 |
Parameter | Before the Changes | After Changes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
THDUL1 | THDUL2 | THDUL3 | THDUL1 | THDUL2 | THDUL3 | |
[%] | [%] | [%] | [%] | [%] | [%] | |
Average value | 4.366 | 3.641 | 4.693 | 2.114 | 1.821 | 1.925 |
Minimum value | 2.360 | 2.020 | 2.820 | 1.220 | 1.010 | 1.010 |
Maximum value | 13.380 | 7.190 | 10.750 | 7.330 | 6.050 | 6.290 |
Quantile 95 | 8.557 | 5.470 | 7.550 | 2.760 | 2.530 | 2.700 |
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Skibko, Z.; Borusiewicz, A.; Romaniuk, W.; Pietruszynska, M.; Milewska, A.; Marczuk, A. Voltage Problems on Farms with Agricultural Biogas Plants—A Case Study. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7003. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167003
Skibko Z, Borusiewicz A, Romaniuk W, Pietruszynska M, Milewska A, Marczuk A. Voltage Problems on Farms with Agricultural Biogas Plants—A Case Study. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(16):7003. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167003
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkibko, Zbigniew, Andrzej Borusiewicz, Wacław Romaniuk, Marta Pietruszynska, Anna Milewska, and Andrzej Marczuk. 2024. "Voltage Problems on Farms with Agricultural Biogas Plants—A Case Study" Applied Sciences 14, no. 16: 7003. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167003