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Volume 14
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10.3390/app14167056
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Review

Direct Solar Thermal Water-Splitting Using Iron and Iron Oxides at High Temperatures: A Review

by
Manuel Fuentes
1,2,*,
Diego Pulido
1,
Edward Fuentealba
1,
Alvaro Soliz
3,
Norman Toro
4,
Atul Sagade
2 and
Felipe M. Galleguillos Madrid
1,*
1
Centro de Desarrollo Energético Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile
2
Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1100000, Chile
3
Departamento de Ingeniería en Metalurgia, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó 1531772, Chile
4
Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1100000, Chile
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(16), 7056; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167056
Submission received: 11 July 2024 / Revised: 2 August 2024 / Accepted: 6 August 2024 / Published: 12 August 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy: New Technologies and Applications)
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Abstract

Green hydrogen is poised to play a crucial role in the energy-transition process in developed countries over the coming years, particularly in those countries aiming to achieve net-zero emissions. Consequently, the for green hydrogen is expected to rise significantly. This article explores the fundamental methods of producing hydrogen, focusing on the oxidation reaction within a thermochemical solar cycle for the dissociation of steam. Solar thermochemical cycles have been extensively researched, yet they remain in the development stage as research groups strive to identify optimal materials and conditions to enhance process efficiency, especially at high temperatures. The article analyses theoretical foundations drawn from exhaustive scientific studies related to the oxidation of iron in steam, the relationship with the activation energy of the corrosive process, thermodynamic aspects, and the kinetic model of a heterogeneous reaction. Additionally, it presents various mechanisms of high-temperature oxidation, pH effects, reactors, and materials (including fluidized beds). This scientific review suggests that hydrogen production via a thermochemical cycle is more efficient than production via electrochemical processes (such as electrolysis), provided the limitations of the cycle’s reduction stage can be overcome.
Keywords: solar thermochemical water-splitting; iron corrosion; solar reactor solar thermochemical water-splitting; iron corrosion; solar reactor

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MDPI and ACS Style

Fuentes, M.; Pulido, D.; Fuentealba, E.; Soliz, A.; Toro, N.; Sagade, A.; Galleguillos Madrid, F.M. Direct Solar Thermal Water-Splitting Using Iron and Iron Oxides at High Temperatures: A Review. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7056. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167056

AMA Style

Fuentes M, Pulido D, Fuentealba E, Soliz A, Toro N, Sagade A, Galleguillos Madrid FM. Direct Solar Thermal Water-Splitting Using Iron and Iron Oxides at High Temperatures: A Review. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(16):7056. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167056

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fuentes, Manuel, Diego Pulido, Edward Fuentealba, Alvaro Soliz, Norman Toro, Atul Sagade, and Felipe M. Galleguillos Madrid. 2024. "Direct Solar Thermal Water-Splitting Using Iron and Iron Oxides at High Temperatures: A Review" Applied Sciences 14, no. 16: 7056. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167056

APA Style

Fuentes, M., Pulido, D., Fuentealba, E., Soliz, A., Toro, N., Sagade, A., & Galleguillos Madrid, F. M. (2024). Direct Solar Thermal Water-Splitting Using Iron and Iron Oxides at High Temperatures: A Review. Applied Sciences, 14(16), 7056. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167056

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