Effect of Grinding and Successive Sieving on the Distribution of Active Biological Compounds in the Obtained Fractions of Blackthorn Berries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Plant Material
2.1.2. Chemicals
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Grinding of Dry Plant Material
2.2.2. Sieving Plant Powder
2.2.3. Moisture Content and Water Activity
2.2.4. Hydration Properties
2.2.5. Preparation of Extracts and Analysis of the Absorption Spectrum
2.2.6. Total Phenolic Content
2.2.7. Antioxidant Activity: DPPH Test
2.2.8. Proteins by the Lowry Method
2.2.9. Carbohydrates by Dinitrosalicylic Acid (DNSA) Technique
2.2.10. Amount of Vitamin C by the Iodometric Method
2.2.11. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Particle Size Distribution of Samples
3.2. Analysis of the Absorption Spectrum of Extract
3.3. Moisture Content and Water Activity
3.4. Hydration Properties
3.5. Total Phenolic Content
3.6. Antioxidant Activity
3.7. Proteins
3.8. Carbohydrates
3.9. Vitamin C
3.10. Statistical Data Analysis
- ⮚
- Null hypothesis (H₀): there are no significant differences between group means (all means are equal).
- ⮚
- Alternative hypothesis (H₁): there is at least one significant difference between the group means.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mesh Size of the Sieve (mm) | Sieve Mass (g) | The Sample Mass Found on the Sieve (g) | The Mass of the Sample Taken for Analysis (g) |
---|---|---|---|
1.000 | 392.2 | 1.4 | 100 |
0.800 | 474.8 | 21.0 | |
0.630 | 458.6 | 14.7 | |
0.450 | 305.9 | 13.6 | |
0.315 | 413.9 | 12.5 | |
0.200 | 335.3 | 10.1 | |
0.125 | 391.9 | 14.3 | |
0 | 342.5 | 12.4 |
Mesh Size of the Sieve li (mm) | The Average Particle Size of Fraction di (mm) | The Percentage of Material with a Size between Dimensions li and li+1 of the Adjacent Sieves ai (mm) | The Percentage of Material Smaller Than the Size of the Sieve Mesh Ti (%) | The Percentage of Material Larger Than the Size of the Sieve Mesh Ri (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.063 | 12.40 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
0.125 | 0.163 | 14.30 | 12.40 | 87.60 |
0.200 | 0.258 | 10.10 | 26.70 | 73.30 |
0.315 | 0.383 | 12.50 | 36.80 | 63.20 |
0.450 | 0.540 | 13.60 | 49.30 | 50.70 |
0.630 | 0.715 | 14.70 | 62.90 | 37.10 |
0.800 | 0.900 | 21.00 | 77.60 | 22.40 |
1.000 | 1.207 * | 1.40 | 86.20 | 13.80 |
Mesh Size of the Sieve li (mm) | Mean of Intervals, (mm) | Moisture Content (%) | Water Activity(-) | Water Absorption Capacity, WAC (g/g) | Water Solubility Index, WSI (g/100 g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Un-sieved sample | - | 4.52 | 0.241 | 4.905 | 32.672 |
0 | 0.063 | 3.31 | 0.232 | 5.883 | 41.284 |
0.125 | 0.163 | 3.79 | 0.234 | 5.688 | 40.676 |
0.200 | 0.258 | 4.34 | 0.237 | 3.892 | 42.272 |
0.315 | 0.383 | 4.71 | 0.242 | 3.958 | 37.920 |
0.450 | 0.540 | 5.10 | 0.243 | 3.868 | 35.544 |
0.630 | 0.715 | 5.11 | 0.244 | 3.847 | 38.912 |
0.800 | 1.131 | 5.61 | 0.250 | 3.837 | 36.828 |
Groups | Count | Sum | Average | Variance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Phenolic content [µg GAE/mL] | 8 | 269.59 | 33.69 | 23.79 |
Protein content [µg/mL] | 8 | 6219.53 | 777.44 | 2350.78 |
Vitamin C [µg/100 mL] | 8 | 94.94 | 11.86 | 18.74 |
Carbohydrates [µg/mL] | 8 | 37.06 | 4.63 | 0.34 |
Source of Variation | SS | df | MS | F | p-Value | F Crit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Between Groups | 3,475,723.33 | 3 | 1,158,574 | 1936.07 | 1.48−32 | 2.94 |
Within Groups | 16,755.63 | 28 | 598.41 | / | / | / |
Total | 3,492,478.97 | 31 | / | / | / | / |
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Ionescu, A.-D.; Ferdeș, M.; Voicu, G.; Ipate, G.; Constantin, G.-A.; Ștefan, E.-M.; Begea, M. Effect of Grinding and Successive Sieving on the Distribution of Active Biological Compounds in the Obtained Fractions of Blackthorn Berries. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7133. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167133
Ionescu A-D, Ferdeș M, Voicu G, Ipate G, Constantin G-A, Ștefan E-M, Begea M. Effect of Grinding and Successive Sieving on the Distribution of Active Biological Compounds in the Obtained Fractions of Blackthorn Berries. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(16):7133. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167133
Chicago/Turabian StyleIonescu, Alina-Daiana, Mariana Ferdeș, Gheorghe Voicu, George Ipate, Gabriel-Alexandru Constantin, Elena-Mădălina Ștefan, and Mihaela Begea. 2024. "Effect of Grinding and Successive Sieving on the Distribution of Active Biological Compounds in the Obtained Fractions of Blackthorn Berries" Applied Sciences 14, no. 16: 7133. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167133