Research on Solidification Methods and Stabilization Mechanisms of Sulfate Saline Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Saline Soils
2.2. Fly Ash, Lime, PAM and Sodium Sulfate
3. Experimental Design and Methods
3.1. Sample Preparation
3.2. Unconfined Compressive Strength and Splitting Strength Test
3.3. Frost Resistance Test
3.4. Material Characterization
4. Results and Analysis
4.1. Mechanical Performance Analysis
4.2. Frost Resistance
4.3. Microstructure Analysis of Stabilized Soils
4.3.1. XRD Analysis
4.3.2. SEM Analysis
4.3.3. FTIR Analysis
4.3.4. TG Analysis
4.3.5. XPS Analysis
5. Discussions and Conclusions
5.1. Discussions
5.2. Conclusions
- (1)
- The addition of lime, FA, and PAM significantly increased the strength of saline soils. The UCS and splitting strength of stabilized saline soils gradually increased with an increase in binding material content. The best performance was obtained for lime, followed by FA, and the worst performance was obtained for PAM. The results of XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TG−DSC analyses showed that lime chemically solidified the soil by generating CaSO4 and CaCO3 as binding substances through ion exchange and carbonation.
- (2)
- The number of freeze–thaw cycles has a greater effect on the strength of stabilized soil; with an increase in the number of freeze–thaw cycles, the UCS and splitting residual value of stabilized soil decrease. SEM test results show that the internal structure of stabilized soil is more compact before freeze–thaw cycles. With an increase in the number of freeze–thaw cycles, the porosity of the stabilized soil increased, the contact between soil particles began to change, and the structure became loose; after 20 freeze–thaw cycles, a small amount of voids appeared in the lime-stabilized soil, a large crack appeared in the FA-stabilized soil, and the structure of the PAM-stabilized soil was destroyed.
- (3)
- Saline soils have a granular structure, and the contact mode is point to point. Lime-stabilized soil changes the cementing substances from Ca(OH)2 and Na2SO4 to CaSO4 and CaCO3 through ion exchange and carbonation, which fill the pores between soil particles and change the contact between particles to face-to-face contact, thus enhancing the mechanical properties of saline soils.
- (4)
- XRD, SEM, FTIR, and TG analyses of FA-stabilized soil were consistent with the observed mechanical properties. The hydration of FA to form a C−(A)−S−H gel altered the microstructure of saline soils.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Saline Soils | SiO2 | Al2O3 | CaO | Fe2O3 | MgO | K2O | Na2O | Cl | SO3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content (%) | 61.78 | 15.63 | 8.57 | 4.97 | 3.39 | 2.79 | 1.66 | 0.17 | 0.09 |
Grain Size Distribution/% | Maximum Dry Density (g.cm−3) | Optimum Water Content (%) | Salt Content (wt%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
>50 μm | 20~50 μm | 10~20 μm | <10 μm | Na2SO4 | NaCl | Na2CO3 | |||
saline soils | 2.41 | 26.64 | 33.36 | 31.59 | 1.894 | 12.5 | 0.86 | 0.11 | 0 |
FA | SiO2 | Al2O3 | CaO | Fe2O3 | MgO | K2O | Na2O | Cl | SO3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content (%) | 37.31 | 17.38 | 13.14 | 15.07 | 5.95 | 1.28 | 2.60 | 0.27 | 5.23 |
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Li, S.; Huang, Y.; Sun, J.; Yu, R.; Liu, Y.; Cui, Q. Research on Solidification Methods and Stabilization Mechanisms of Sulfate Saline Soils. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7246. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167246
Li S, Huang Y, Sun J, Yu R, Liu Y, Cui Q. Research on Solidification Methods and Stabilization Mechanisms of Sulfate Saline Soils. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(16):7246. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167246
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Sining, Yong Huang, Jian Sun, Rui Yu, Yubin Liu, and Qiushuang Cui. 2024. "Research on Solidification Methods and Stabilization Mechanisms of Sulfate Saline Soils" Applied Sciences 14, no. 16: 7246. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167246