Effects of Exercise and Pomegranate–Black Carrot Juice Interventions on Mineral Metabolism and Fatty Acids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design
2.2. Exercise Protocol
2.3. Giving Pomegranate–Black Carrot Juices
2.4. Analysis of Biochemical Parameters
2.4.1. Obtaining Serum Samples
2.4.2. Analysis of Serum Mineral Levels
2.4.3. Analysis of Serum Fatty Acid Levels
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stages | AST (U/L) | ALT (U/L) | CHOLESTEROL (mg/dL) | TG (mg/dL) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 26.66 ± 1.40 | 25.33 ± 1.23 | 144.22 ± 4.58 | 91.01 ± 4.86 |
Exerciseonly | 29.22 ± 0.98 a | 28.88 ± 1.26 a | 138.66 ± 5.28 | 67.77 ± 5.32 a |
Exercise+supp | 24.77 ± 0.52 x | 24.66 ± 1.45 x | 136.33 ± 5.29 | 68.55 ± 5.02 a |
ηp2: 0.33 | ηp2: 0.32 | ηp2: 0.02 | ηp2: 0.65 |
Stages | Cu | Mg | Mn | Fe | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 748.55 ± 21.03 | 18,626.31 ± 206.01 | 5.70 ± 0.25 | 2883.90 ± 123.88 | 1270.26 ± 22.08 |
Exerciseonly | 776.47 ± 19.92 | 17,798.75 ± 171.65 a | 4.85 ± 0.24 | 1680.52 ± 62.34 c | 885.84 ± 24.97 c |
Exercise+supp | 797.64 ± 18.47 | 18,689.53 ± 337.32 x | 4.69 ± 0.26 | 1591.20 ± 63.24 c | 1090.22 ± 18.30 bz |
ηp2: 0.02 | ηp2: 0.04 | ηp2: 0.34 | ηp2: 0.90 | ηp2: 0.39 |
Stages | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty Acids | Baseline | Exerciseonly | Exercise+supp | ηp2 | |
Caproic acid | (6:0) | 0.173 ± 0.017 | 0.232 ± 0.007 a | 0.208 ± 0.006 | 0.98 |
Lauric acid | (12:0) | 0.054 ± 0.012 | 0.130 ± 0.028 a | 0.090 ± 0.014 | 0.97 |
Myristic acid | (14:0) | 0.321 ± 0.031 | 0.383 ± 0.023 a | 0.339 ± 0.032 | 0.37 |
Pentadeconic acid | (15:0) | 0.126 ± 0.009 | 0.134 ± 0.015 | 0.155 ± 0.012 | 0.30 |
Palmitic acid | (16:0) | 22.484 ± 0.498 | 24.159 ± 0.279 | 22.808 ± 0.535 | 0.08 |
Heptadeconic acid | (17:0) | 0.342 ± 0.012 | 0.331 ± 0.021 | 0.317 ± 0.014 | 0.03 |
Stearic acid | (18:0) | 26.090 ± 0.520 | 29.845 ± 0.327 a | 29.882 ± 0.833 a | 0.23 |
Arachidic acid | (20:0) | 0.361 ± 0.017 | 0.409 ± 0.015 | 0.444 ± 0.019 a | 0.20 |
Behenic acid | (22:0) | 0.339 ± 0.031 | 0.399 ± 0.017 | 0.378 ± 0.028 | 0.32 |
Trichosanoic acid | (23:0) | 0.077 ± 0.008 | 0.112 ± 0.008 | 0.121 ± 0.033 | 0.70 |
Lingoseric acid | (24:0) | 0.285 ± 0.038 | 0.339 ± 0.020 | 0.302 ± 0.020 | 0.36 |
Total saturated fatty acid level | (∑SFA) | 50.652 ± 1.551 | 56.473 ± 2.014 a | 55.044 ± 1.706 a | 0.17 |
Pentadecanoic acid | (15:1) | 0.657 ± 0.024 | 0.815 ± 0.024 b | 0.793 ± 0.019 b | 0.45 |
Palmitoleic acid | (16:1) | 1.241 ± 0.065 | 1.035 ± 0.029 a | 0.828 ± 0.012 b | 0.42 |
Oleic acid | (18:1n9c) | 8.665 ± 0.241 | 7.802 ± 0.219 | 8.195 ± 0.395 | 0.16 |
Eicosenoic acid | (20:1n9c) | 0.135 ± 0.009 | 0.132 ± 0.008 | 0.139 ± 0.005 | 0.04 |
Nervonic acid | (24:1) | 0.262 ± 0.015 | 0.320 ± 0.015 | 0.304 ± 0.017 | 0.41 |
Total monounsaturated fatty acid level | (∑MUFA) | 10.96 ± 0.542 | 10.104 ± 0.437 | 10.259 ± 0.611 | 0.10 |
Linoleic acid | (18:2n6c) | 23.153 ± 0.113 | 20.637 ± 0.149 a | 22.174 ± 0.120 x | 0.19 |
Linoleadic acid | (18:2n6t) | 0.033 ± 0.002 | 0.045 ± 0.002 a | 0.038 ± 0.002 | 0.66 |
Gamma-linolenic acid | (18:3n6) | 0.115 ± 0.014 | 0.069 ± 0.008 b | 0.070 ± 0.006 b | 0.88 |
Alpha-linolenic acid | (18:3n3) | 0.172 ± 0.082 | 0.097 ± 0.013 b | 0.118 ± 0.011 b | 0.90 |
Eicosatrienoic acid | (20:3n6) | 2.034 ± 0.191 | 1.750 ± 0.159 a | 1.750 ± 0.166 a | 0.30 |
Eicosapentaenoic acid | (20:5n3) | 0.242 ± 0.026 | 0.116 ± 0.023 c | 0.169 ± 0.017 a | 0.95 |
Docosahexaenoic acid | (22:6n3) | 2.520 ± 0.066 | 1.517 ± 0.025 a | 1.548 ± 0.037 a | 0.88 |
Eicosadienoic acid | (20:2n6) | 0.292 ± 0.018 | 0.278 ± 0.019 | 0.255 ± 0.020 | 0.11 |
Eicosatetraenoic acid | (20:4n6) | 9.827 ± 0.265 | 8.914 ± 0.299 | 8.575 ± 0.431 | 0.15 |
Total polyunsaturated fatty acid level | (∑PUFA) | 38.388 ± 1.478 | 33.423 ± 1.130 b | 34.697 ± 1.342 a | 0.26 |
Total unsaturated fatty acid level | (∑USFA) | 49.348 ± 1.854 | 43.527 ± 1.566 b | 44.956 ± 1.415 a | 0.22 |
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Bozbay, K.; Çinar, V.; Akbulut, T.; Aydemir, I.; Yasul, Y.; Aytac, K.Y.; Ozkaya, A.; Russo, L.; Fusco, A.; Migliaccio, G.M. Effects of Exercise and Pomegranate–Black Carrot Juice Interventions on Mineral Metabolism and Fatty Acids. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7284. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167284
Bozbay K, Çinar V, Akbulut T, Aydemir I, Yasul Y, Aytac KY, Ozkaya A, Russo L, Fusco A, Migliaccio GM. Effects of Exercise and Pomegranate–Black Carrot Juice Interventions on Mineral Metabolism and Fatty Acids. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(16):7284. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167284
Chicago/Turabian StyleBozbay, Kenan, Vedat Çinar, Taner Akbulut, Isa Aydemir, Yavuz Yasul, Kursat Yusuf Aytac, Ahmet Ozkaya, Luca Russo, Andrea Fusco, and Gian Mario Migliaccio. 2024. "Effects of Exercise and Pomegranate–Black Carrot Juice Interventions on Mineral Metabolism and Fatty Acids" Applied Sciences 14, no. 16: 7284. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167284