Experimental Flow Performance Investigation of Francis Turbines from Model to Prototype
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology and Experimental Measurements Techniques
2.1. Experimental Test Rig
2.2. Similarity Theory between the Francis Turbine Model and Prototype
3. Experimental Results and Discussions
3.1. Performance Observation through Hill Chart and Torque
3.2. Cavitation Development and Effects on Hydraulic Performance
3.3. Pressure Pulsation Impacts on Hydraulics Performance
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature and Abbreviations
Symbol | Unit | Definition |
° | Guide vane opening | |
- | Cavitation coefficient | |
- | Critical cavitation coefficient | |
rad/s | Angular velocity | |
- | Inlet blade angle | |
- | Outlet blade angle | |
m | Model diameter | |
f | Hz | Frequency |
Hz | Rotational frequency | |
N | Axial hydraulic thrust | |
g | m/s2 | Gravitational acceleration |
m | Model head | |
m | Atmospheric pressure | |
H | m | Head |
L | m | Length |
n | r/min | Speed |
r/min | Unit speed | |
P | Pa | Pressure |
Pa | Absolute pressure | |
Pa | Vaporizing pressure | |
P | kW | Turbine output |
kW | Unit output | |
m3/s | Model flow rate | |
L/s | Unit discharge | |
- | Inlet blade radius | |
- | Outlet blade radius | |
Nm | Model torque | |
Nm | Motor-generator torque | |
Nm | Friction torque | |
°C | Water temperature | |
- | Inlet tangential velocity | |
- | Outlet tangential velocity | |
z | m | Elevation, difference of elevation |
- | Guide vane number | |
- | Best efficiency point | |
- | Rotating vortex rope | |
- | Particle image velocimetry | |
- | Laser Doppler anemometry |
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Instruments | Purpose | Range | Uncertainty |
---|---|---|---|
BOI Measurement and Testing | Frequency | 0–10 MHz | ±0.08 |
Pressure Calibration | Pressure | 0.1~6 Mpa | ±0.005 |
Emerson Instrument | Temperature sensor | 0–100 °C | ±0.04 |
Emerson Instrument | Barometer | 0–600 KPa | ±0.5% |
Load cell | Generator torque | 0–1600 N·m | ±0.05 |
Load cell | Friction torque | 0–22 N·m | ±0.0025 |
China Electronics CKCW36 | Inlet pressure | 0–400 KPa | ±0.0019 |
China Electronics CKCW36 | Outlet pressure | 0–400 KPa | ±0.001 |
Head | Turbine | Working Conditions Loads | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | Type | 100% | 90% | 80% | 70% | 60% | 50% |
38.10 | Model () | 93.25 | 93.15 | 93.06 | 92.40 | 91.02 | 89.22 |
238.6 | Prototype () | 94.30 | 94.10 | 93.42 | 92.87 | 91.26 | 89.50 |
38.50 | Model () | 93.33 | 93.25 | 93.03 | 92.61 | 91.06 | 89.30 |
240 | Prototype () | 95.03 | 94.93 | 94.54 | 93.86 | 92.27 | 91.10 |
37.50 | Model () | 93.45 | 93.20 | 92.88 | 92.10 | 90.50 | 89.73 |
254 | Prototype () | 94.60 | 93.92 | 93.18 | 92.53 | 91.05 | 89.20 |
Model Head | Suction Head | Air Compensation Coefficient = 0 (%) (without Air) | Air Compensation Coefficient = 0 (%) (with Air) |
---|---|---|---|
m | m | ΔH/H(%) and f/ | ΔH/H(%) and f/ |
38.10 | −2.63 | 1.12 and 0.07 | 2.14 and 0.172 |
38.50 | −2.58 | 1.01 and 0.284 | 0.58 and 0.03 |
37.50 | −2.55 | 1.02 and 0.058 | 0.86 and 0.105 |
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Mirza Umar, B.; Huang, X.; Wang, Z. Experimental Flow Performance Investigation of Francis Turbines from Model to Prototype. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7461. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177461
Mirza Umar B, Huang X, Wang Z. Experimental Flow Performance Investigation of Francis Turbines from Model to Prototype. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):7461. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177461
Chicago/Turabian StyleMirza Umar, Baig, Xingxing Huang, and Zhengwei Wang. 2024. "Experimental Flow Performance Investigation of Francis Turbines from Model to Prototype" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7461. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177461