Therapeutic Potential of Water Chestnut Fruit Extract (Trapa bicornis) against Ovariectomy-Induced Climacteric Symptoms in Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Husbandry
2.2. Preparation of Test Samples
2.3. Experimental Groups and Treatment
2.4. Climacteric Inducement
2.5. Body Weight Measurement
2.6. Food Consumption Evaluation
2.7. Measurement of BMD and Body Fat Density
2.8. Gross Inspection and Organ Weight Measurement
2.9. Bone Weight Measurement
2.10. Bone Strength Measurement
2.11. Blood Collection
2.12. Serum Biochemistry
2.13. Real-Time RT-PCR Analysis
2.14. Abdominal Wall Fat Pad, Uterus, and Liver Histological Procedures
2.15. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Effects on Body Weight and Gain
3.2. Effects of Feeding
3.3. Effect on Abdominal Wall Fat, Uterus, and Liver Weight, and General Inspections
3.4. Effect on Femur Weight
3.5. Effect of Biochemistry on AST, ALT, TC, LDL, HDL, and TG
3.6. Effect on Serum Estradiol Levels
3.7. Effects on Serum Osteocalcin and bALP Levels
3.8. Effects on Hepatic mRNA Expression Related to Lipid Metabolism
3.9. Effect of mRNA Expression on Lipid Metabolism-Related Genes in Adipose Tissue
3.10. Effect of In Vivo DEXA on BMD and Body Fat Density
3.11. Effect on Bone Strength
3.12. Effects on Abdominal Wall Fat Pad, Liver, and Uterus Histopathology–Histomorphometry
3.13. Effects on Bone Mass, Structures, and Resorption in Femur Histopathology
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Groups | Serum Biochemistrical Values | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AST (U/L) | ALT (U/L) | TC (mg/dL) | LDL (mg/dL) | HDL (mg/dL) | TG (mg/dL) | |
Sham | 75.80 ± 1.54 | 34.00 ± 10.12 | 75.30 ± 20.69 | 62.60 ± 11.93 | 108.20 ± 14.98 | 36.90 ± 14.99 |
OVX | 169.80 ± 20.45 c | 94.70 ± 19.41 a | 210.50 ± 30.95 a | 189.20 ± 23.04 a | 39.50 ± 10.22 a | 189.80 ± 23.60 c |
PCP 200 | 113.00 ± 11.18 cd | 60.20 ± 12.64 ab | 138.90 ± 15.72 ab | 123.20 ± 23.99 ab | 79.20 ± 13.71 ab | 127.10 ± 17.75 cd |
WC 200 | 111.00 ± 11.52 cd | 58.30 ± 11.53 ab | 138.10 ± 17.28 ab | 121.20 ± 18.14 ab | 81.70 ± 12.98 ab | 123.50 ± 22.29 cd |
WC 100 | 131.40 ± 8.11 cd | 64.00 ± 10.19 ab | 158.00 ± 16.28 ab | 144.60 ± 9.14 ab | 69.90 ± 11.57 ab | 140.90 ± 10.64 cd |
WC 50 | 159.70 ± 15.87 c | 87.20 ± 14.95 a | 199.50 ± 22.88 a | 178.50 ± 25.59 ab | 41.40 ± 13.07 a | 179.70 ± 32.94 c |
Relative to Control | Sham | OVX | PCP 200 | WC 200 | WC 100 | WC 50 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leptin | 1.03 ± 0.09 | 6.77 ± 1.23 d | 3.96 ± 0.71 de | 3.93 ± 0.64 de | 4.50 ± 0.65 de | 6.17 ± 1.58 d |
UCP2 | 1.00 ± 0.05 | 0.31 ± 0.04 d | 0.47 ± 0.07 de | 0.48 ± 0.11 df | 0.42 ± 0.04 de | 0.32 ± 0.09 d |
Adiponectin | 1.01 ± 0.08 | 0.21 ± 0.03 a | 0.41 ± 0.09 ab | 0.40 ± 0.07 ab | 0.31 ± 0.04 ac | 0.22 ± 0.05 a |
C/EBPα | 1.02 ± 0.05 | 3.08 ± 0.39 d | 2.02 ± 0.26 de | 2.01 ± 0.21 de | 2.25 ± 0.19 de | 2.93 ± 0.74 d |
C/EBPβ | 1.00 ± 0.05 | 3.95 ± 0.42 d | 2.70 ± 0.49 de | 2.58 ± 0.55 de | 3.12 ± 0.29 de | 3.81 ± 0.80 d |
SREBP1c | 1.00 ± 0.07 | 3.41 ± 0.95 d | 1.99 ± 0.14 df | 2.00 ± 0.22 df | 2.26 ± 0.17 df | 3.28 ± 0.64 d |
PPARα | 1.00 ± 0.04 | 0.20 ± 0.03 d | 0.33 ± 0.06 de | 0.34 ± 0.06 de | 0.28 ± 0.02 de | 0.21 ± 0.03 d |
PPARγ | 1.01 ± 0.06 | 6.96 ± 1.08 d | 4.25 ± 0.77 de | 4.24 ± 0.47 de | 5.09 ± 0.64 de | 6.64 ± 1.26 d |
FAS | 1.02 ± 0.05 | 11.92 ± 1.11 d | 8.33 ± 0.85 de | 8.10 ± 0.95 de | 9.44 ± 0.67 de | 11.39 ± 1.61 d |
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Shin, S.; Mohibbullah, M.; Kim, K.-Y.; Hong, E.-J.; Choi, J.-S.; Ku, S.-K. Therapeutic Potential of Water Chestnut Fruit Extract (Trapa bicornis) against Ovariectomy-Induced Climacteric Symptoms in Mice. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7464. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177464
Shin S, Mohibbullah M, Kim K-Y, Hong E-J, Choi J-S, Ku S-K. Therapeutic Potential of Water Chestnut Fruit Extract (Trapa bicornis) against Ovariectomy-Induced Climacteric Symptoms in Mice. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):7464. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177464
Chicago/Turabian StyleShin, Su, Md. Mohibbullah, Ki-Young Kim, Eun-Jin Hong, Jae-Suk Choi, and Sae-Kwang Ku. 2024. "Therapeutic Potential of Water Chestnut Fruit Extract (Trapa bicornis) against Ovariectomy-Induced Climacteric Symptoms in Mice" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7464. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177464