Experimental Study and Analysis of Chemical Modification of Coal Surfaces by Viscoelastic Surfactant Fracturing Fluids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. VESFF Preparation
2.2. Description of Coal Samples
2.3. Zeta Potential Test
2.4. FTIR Analysis
2.5. Raman Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Zeta Potential of Coal Processed with VESFFs
3.2. Oxygenated Functional Groups on Coal Surfaces Processed with VESFFs
3.3. MS of Coal Processed with VESFFs
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- VESFFs B, B2, C, and D increased the electrical properties of the surface of the coal, and the electrostatic force between the pore wall and coal particles became greater than the Van der Waals force, leading to a repulsive effect beneficial for removing particles from the coal surface.
- (2)
- The coal samples subjected to treatment with VESFF C had more -Si-O- functional groups. VESFF C was more likely to penetrate into nanopores and thereby had a more pronounced effect on micropores and transition pores. The anionic VESs in VESFF D have oxidizing properties that destroy aromatic hydrocarbons and bridge bonds in the basic structural units on the surface of coal, generating stable carboxyl (-COOH) and anhydride groups.
- (3)
- The aromatic lamellae extension (La) in the aromatic crystal nuclei of the TS coal processed with VESFF D increased, resulting in an increase in micropore volume. VESFFs C and D were beneficial for increasing the aromatic layer extension (La) in the aromatic crystal nuclei of NC coal, resulting in an increase in micropore volume.
- (4)
- The treatment with VESFFs resulted in the aromatic ring spacing (d002) of the TS coal becoming smaller than that of the deionized-water-treated coal, decreasing in the following order: D > C > B2 > B. This indicates that VESFFs B, B2, C, and D all increased the micropore volume of the TS coal. The interlayer spacing (d002) of the aromatic rings in the macromolecules of the NC coal subjected to treatment with VESFFs B2 and C increased. This suggests that VESs with longer hydrocarbon chain lengths are not conducive to increasing micropores in NC coal.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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VES | Molecular Formula | Molecular Structure |
---|---|---|
CTAC | C19H42CIN | |
STAC | C21H46CIN | |
SDS | C12H25SO4Na | |
CAB | C19H38N2O3 |
Serial Number | Mixing Ratio (wt%) | Temperature for Experiment and Test (K) | Viscosity (mPa∙s) |
---|---|---|---|
A | Deionized water | 313.15 | 1.01 |
B | CTAC (0.8) +Nasal (0.2) + KCl (1) | 24.48 | |
B2 | STAC (0.8) + Nasal (0.2) + KCl (1) | 20.50 | |
C | STAC (0.8) + CAB (0.1)+ Nasal (0.2)+ KCl (1) | 24.85 | |
D | CAB (1.75) + SDS (0.6)+ KCl (3) | 22.95 |
Coal Sample | Peak Position/cm−1 | G-D1/cm−1 | D1 Peak FWHM | G Peak FWHM | AD1/AG | R2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D1 Peak | G Peak | |||||||
TS | A | 1327.1 | 1582.9 | 255.8 | 138.82 | 98.92 | 0.96 | 0.9941 |
B | 1324.8 | 1582.6 | 257.8 | 144.09 | 96.71 | 1.06 | 0.9947 | |
B2 | 1324.7 | 1583.0 | 258.3 | 142.21 | 95.70 | 1.17 | 0.9973 | |
C | 1322.7 | 1583.9 | 261.2 | 129.34 | 90.76 | 1.12 | 0.9941 | |
D | 1322.7 | 1596.7 | 274.0 | 86.93 | 70.00 | 0.61 | 0.9946 | |
NC | A | 1323.6 | 1588.2 | 264.6 | 127.35 | 79.73 | 1.27 | 0.9955 |
B | 1324.9 | 1585.9 | 261 | 144.51 | 76.80 | 1.57 | 0.9962 | |
B2 | 1325.6 | 1582.1 | 256.5 | 140.77 | 90.15 | 1.37 | 0.9959 | |
C | 1326.0 | 1583.6 | 257.6 | 122.96 | 84.60 | 1.17 | 0.9962 | |
D | 1326.5 | 1572.9 | 246.4 | 110.49 | 49.56 | 0.95 | 0.9977 |
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Yang, M.; Gong, S.; Cheng, Y. Experimental Study and Analysis of Chemical Modification of Coal Surfaces by Viscoelastic Surfactant Fracturing Fluids. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7490. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177490
Yang M, Gong S, Cheng Y. Experimental Study and Analysis of Chemical Modification of Coal Surfaces by Viscoelastic Surfactant Fracturing Fluids. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):7490. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177490
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Mengmeng, Shihui Gong, and Yugang Cheng. 2024. "Experimental Study and Analysis of Chemical Modification of Coal Surfaces by Viscoelastic Surfactant Fracturing Fluids" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7490. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177490