Conflict or Coordination? A Coupling Study of China’s Population–Urbanization–Ecological Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Research Framework
2.3. Indicator System Construction
2.3.1. Population Indicator System
2.3.2. Urbanization Indicator System
Economic Urbanization
Spatial Urbanization
Social Urbanization
2.3.3. Ecological Environment Indicator System
Calculation of the Ecological Risk Index
Ecosystem Resilience
Calculation of Habitat Quality and Habitat Degradation
Value of Ecosystem Services
2.4. Research Method
2.4.1. Indicator Evaluation Method
Analytic Hierarchy Process
2.4.2. Coupling Coordination Degree Model
2.4.3. Decoupling Index
2.4.4. Types of Combination of Coupling Coordination Degree and Coupling Index
3. Results
3.1. Population–Urbanization–Ecological Environment Coupling Analysis
3.2. Comparison of Coupling Coordination Degrees under Different Urbanization Types
3.3. Decoupling Analysis
3.4. Comprehensive Analysis of Coupling Coordination Degree and Decoupling Index
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Indicator | Indicator Description | Unit | Objective Weight | Subjective Weight | Comprehensive Weight | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population agglomeration | The proportion of the urban population to the total population | % | 0.116 | 0.297 | 0.207 | China census |
Employment structure | The proportion of employees in secondary and tertiary industries per 10,000 people | % | 0.113 | 0.212 | 0.163 | China census |
Educational level | The number of people with a college degree or above per 10,000 people | % | 0.109 | 0.113 | 0.111 | China census |
Population of other provinces | The number of people from outside the province in the registered population | % | 0.108 | 0.101 | 0.105 | China census |
Population density by province | The ratio of the total population to the total area of each province | People/km | 0.106 | 0.145 | 0.126 | China census China Statistical Yearbook |
Aging population (-) | The population over 65 as a percentage of the total population | % | 0.116 | 0.050 | 0.083 | China census |
Size of family | The population per household | People | 0.114 | 0.039 | 0.077 | China census |
Illiterate population (-) | People who do not read as a percentage of the total population | % | 0.108 | 0.024 | 0.066 | China census |
Population growth rate | The number of births per 10,000 people | People | 0.112 | 0.020 | 0.066 | China Statistical Yearbook |
System | Indicator | Indicator Description | Unit | Objective Weight | Subjective Weight | Comprehensive Weight | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Economic urbanization | Local revenue per capita | Provincial revenue divided by the total population | CNY/person | 0.160 | 0.174 | 0.167 | China Statistical Yearbook |
Per capita disposable income | The per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents | CNY/person | 0.164 | 0.401 | 0.283 | ||
The added value of the secondary industry | The added value of the secondary industry accounting for the proportion of the total GDP | % | 0.173 | 0.132 | 0.153 | ||
The added value of the tertiary industry | The added value of the tertiary industry accounting for the proportion of the total GDP | % | 0.163 | 0.203 | 0.183 | ||
Fixed asset investment per unit of GDP | The ratio of the total assets of industrial enterprises above the designated size to GDP | CNY | 0.170 | 0.055 | 0.112 | ||
R&D spending | R&D expenditure as a percentage of fiscal expenditure | % | 0.170 | 0.035 | 0.102 | China Science and Technology Statistical Yearbook | |
Spatial urbanization | Land use | The proportion of urban villages and industrial and mining land to the total area | % | 0.164 | 0.362 | 0.263 | China Statistical Yearbook |
Infrastructure | The urban transport land area divided by the total population | Sqm/person | 0.164 | 0.185 | 0.174 | ||
Per capita green area of parks | The urban green space divided by the total population | Sqm/person | 0.165 | 0.094 | 0.130 | China Environmental Statistical Yearbook | |
Per capita living area | The total floor area divided by the total population | Sqm/person | 0.167 | 0.054 | 0.111 | China census | |
Traffic line density | The ratio of the total length of railways and roads to the total area | Km/km2 | 0.169 | 0.199 | 0.184 | China Statistical Yearbook | |
Public facilities | The total number of schools of each type divided by the total population | Number of schools/10,000 people | 0.170 | 0.106 | 0.138 | ||
Social urbanization | Number of sanitation facilities per 10,000 people | Expressed in the number of medical staff per thousand people | People | 0.115 | 0.072 | 0.094 | China Statistical Yearbook |
Public finance spending | Expressed in terms of public expenditure per capita | CNY/person | 0.111 | 0.135 | 0.123 | ||
Urban registered unemployment rate (-) | Unemployed people as a percentage of the total population | % | 0.117 | 0.035 | 0.076 | China Population and Employment Statistical Yearbook | |
Total retail sales of consumer goods per capita | The total retail sales divided by the total population | CNY/person | 0.114 | 0.309 | 0.212 | China Statistical Yearbook | |
Social security and employment spending | The proportion of social security and employment expenditure in the total fiscal expenditure | % | 0.077 | 0.106 | 0.092 | ||
Public transport | The number of public transport vehicles per 10,000 people | Vehicle | 0.117 | 0.149 | 0.133 | ||
The number of people insured by urban basic medical insurance | The proportion of urban basic medical insurance participants in the total population | % | 0.114 | 0.083 | 0.099 | China Urban Statistical Yearbook | |
Engel’s coefficient ratio of urban and rural households (-) | The total food expenditure as a share of the total personal consumption expenditure | % | 0.118 | 0.047 | 0.083 | China Social Statistical Yearbook | |
Proportion of consumption expenditure of urban and rural residents (-) | The total retail sales of consumer goods per capita divided by the per capita income | % | 0.117 | 0.064 | 0.091 |
System | Indicator | Indicator Description | Unit | Objective Weight | Subjective Weight | Comprehensive Weight | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental pressure | Wastewater discharge (-) | Sewage discharge divided by the total population | Cubic meters/person | 0.173 | 0.126 | 0.150 | China Statistical Yearbook |
Sulfur dioxide emissions (-) | So2 emissions divided by the total population | Kg/person | 0.150 | 0.106 | 0.128 | ||
Cod emissions (-) | Cod (Chemical Oxygen Demand) emissions divided by the total population | Kg/person | 0.173 | 0.111 | 0.142 | ||
Landscape fragmentation (-) | This is represented by the density of traffic lines. The denser the traffic network, the more fragmented the landscape. | Km/km2 | 0.177 | 0.109 | 0.143 | China Urban Statistical Yearbook | |
General industrial solid waste generation (-) | General industrial solid waste generation divided by the total population | Ton/person | 0.166 | 0.056 | 0.111 | China Statistical Yearbook | |
Ecological risk index (-) | Different land use types have different ecological risk intensity coefficients | Ecological risk index per square kilometer | 0.171 | 0.267 | 0.219 | See Section 3.1 below for details | |
Habitat degradation (-) | This reflects the vulnerability of the ecological environment | Habitat degradation per square kilometer | 0.172 | 0.225 | 0.199 | See Section 3.3 below for details | |
Ecological status | Habitat quality | The habitat quality varies by land type | Habitat quality per square kilometer | 0.212 | 0.374 | 0.293 | See Section 3.3 below for details |
Forest cover rate | The forest area as a percentage of the total area | % | 0.210 | 0.203 | 0.207 | China Statistical Yearbook | |
Per capita water resources | The total water resources divided by the total population | Cubic meters/person | 0.162 | 0.227 | 0.195 | China Water Resources Statistical Bulletin | |
Per capita public green space | The urban green area divided by the total population | Square meters/person | 0.205 | 0.074 | 0.140 | China Environmental Statistical Yearbook | |
Ecosystem resilience | Ecosystem restoration coefficients are different for different land use types | 0.212 | 0.121 | 0.167 | See Section 3.2 below for details | ||
Environmental response | Domestic waste removal volume | The total waste divided by the total population | Tons/person | 0.198 | 0.319 | 0.259 | China Statistical Yearbook |
Comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste | The amount of general industrial solid waste generated divided by the comprehensive utilization of general industrial solid waste | Percentage | 0.205 | 0.283 | 0.244 | ||
R&D spending | R&D expenditure as a percentage of fiscal expenditure | % | 0.201 | 0.131 | 0.166 | China Science and Technology Statistical yearbook | |
Expenditure on energy conservation and environmental protection | The proportion of energy conservation and environmental protection expenditure in fiscal expenditure | % | 0.197 | 0.154 | 0.176 | China Statistical Yearbook | |
Completed investment in industrial pollution control | The ratio of completed investment in industrial pollution control to the total population | CNY/person | 0.198 | 0.113 | 0.156 | ||
Ecological services | Value of ecosystem services | Multiplies the value of ecosystem services by the corresponding area | CNY | 1 | 1 | 1 | See Section 3.3 below for details |
Indicators | Farmland | Woodland | Grassland | Water Area | Construction Land | Unused Ground |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ecological risk intensity coefficient | 0.31 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.69 | 0.11 |
Ecosystem resilience coefficient | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
Threat | MAX_DIST | WEIGHT | DECAY |
---|---|---|---|
Paddy field | 4 | 0.3 | Exponential |
Dry land | 4 | 0.4 | Exponential |
Urban land | 10 | 0.9 | Exponential |
Rural settlement | 8 | 0.7 | Exponential |
Industrial land | 12 | 1 | Linear |
Desert land | 3 | 0.1 | Exponential |
LULC | Name | Habitat | Paddy Field | Dry Land | Urban Land | Rural Settlement | Industrial Land | Desert Land |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11 | Paddy field | 0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
12 | Dry land | 0.3 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
21 | Woodland | 1 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.5 |
22 | Bush | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.4 |
23 | Open woodland | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.4 |
24 | Other woodland | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 |
31 | High-coverage grass | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.4 |
32 | Medium-coverage grass | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 |
33 | Low-coverage grass | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
41 | Canals | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.7 |
42 | Lake | 1 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.7 |
43 | Reservoir pond | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.6 |
44 | Permanent glacier snow | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.6 |
45 | Tidal flat | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
46 | Beach | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
51 | Urban land | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
52 | Rural settlement | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
53 | Other construction land | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
54 | Land for scenic spots and facilities | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
61 | Sandy ground | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
62 | Gobi | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
63 | Saline–alkali land | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
64 | Wetlands | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
65 | Bare earth | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
66 | Bare rock texture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
67 | Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
99 | Ocean | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
System | Service Type | Ecosystem Service Value (CNY/hm−2) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grassland | Woodland | Farmland | Wetlands | Water Body | Unused Land | ||
Regulating services | Gas regulation | 707.9 | 3097.00 | 515.89 | 1547.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Climate regulation | 796.4 | 2389.10 | 569.09 | 14,697.50 | 407.00 | 0.00 | |
Hydrological regulation | 707.9 | 2831.50 | 533.06 | 13,322.30 | 18,033.20 | 26.50 | |
Waste treatment | 1159.2 | 1159.20 | 936.56 | 15,625.70 | 16,086.60 | 8.80 | |
Providing services | Food production | 265.5 | 88.50 | 267.98 | 257.90 | 88.50 | 8.80 |
Raw material | 44.2 | 2300.60 | 301.48 | 60.20 | 8.80 | 0.00 | |
Supporting services | Soil maintenance | 1725.5 | 3450.90 | 1261.87 | 1469.70 | 8.80 | 17.70 |
Biodiversity maintenance | 964.5 | 2884.60 | 652.33 | 2148.80 | 2203.30 | 300.80 | |
Cultural services | Aesthetic landscapes | 35.4 | 1132.60 | 92.62 | 4770.20 | 3840.20 | 8.80 |
Total value | 6406.5 | 19,334.00 | 5130.88 | 53,899.40 | 40,676.40 | 371.40 |
Environmental Pressure–Urbanization | Environmental Pressure–Economic Urbanization | Environmental Pressure–Spatial Urbanization | Environmental Pressure–Social Urbanization | Population–Environmental Pressure | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Coefficient | Variable | Coefficient | Variable | Coefficient | Variable | Coefficient | Variable | Coefficient |
Economic urbanization | −35.3 | The local fiscal revenue/per capita | 22.4 | Land use | 151.9 | The number of sanitation facilities per 10,000 people | 1455.5 | Population agglomeration | −293.6 |
Spatial urbanization | −113.4 | The per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents | 175.8 | Infrastructure | −201.0 | The public finance expenditure/per capita | 330.6 | Employment structure | −33.4 |
Social urbanization | 83.8 | The added value of the secondary industry as a share of GDP | −851.1 | Per capita park green space | −297.2 | The urban registered unemployment rate | −855.0 | Educational level | −106.6 |
The added value of the tertiary industry accounting for the proportion of GDP | −1145.4 | Per capita living area | 282.6 | The total retail sales of consumer goods per capita | 414.6 | Population of other provinces | −2058.7 | ||
Fixed asset investment per unit of GDP | −241.5 | Traffic line density | −89.9 | The proportion of social security and employment expenditure in the total fiscal expenditure | −846.9 | Population density by Province | 786.4 | ||
R&D expenditure as a percentage of fiscal expenditure | 391.4 | Public facilities | 52.7 | The number of public transport vehicles per 10,000 people | −67.9 | Aging population | −183.9 | ||
The proportion of urban basic medical insurance participants in the total population | 452.3 | Size of family | −497.2 | ||||||
Engel’s coefficient ratio of urban and rural households | −2205.4 | Illiterate population | 1992.7 | ||||||
The proportion of consumption expenditure of urban and rural residents | −50.5 | Population growth rate | 29.0 | ||||||
R-squared | 0.25 | R-squared | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.55 |
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Yang, C.; Su, Q.; Liang, J. Conflict or Coordination? A Coupling Study of China’s Population–Urbanization–Ecological Environment. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7539. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177539
Yang C, Su Q, Liang J. Conflict or Coordination? A Coupling Study of China’s Population–Urbanization–Ecological Environment. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):7539. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177539
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Changxin, Qingmu Su, and Jiajun Liang. 2024. "Conflict or Coordination? A Coupling Study of China’s Population–Urbanization–Ecological Environment" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7539. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177539