Structural Particularities, Prediction, and Synthesis Methods in High-Entropy Alloys
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structural Particularities of HEAs, Prediction and Estimation Concepts
2.1. Definition and Composition
2.2. Microstructural Stability
2.2.1. High-Entropy Effect
2.2.2. Severe Lattice Distortion
2.2.3. Slow Diffusion Effect
2.2.4. Cocktail Effect
2.3. Prediction and Estimation Concepts
2.3.1. Gibbs Law
- ri—the atomic radius of each element;
- χi—electronegativity of each component element;
- VECi—valence electron concentration for each element i;
- ΔHi,j—binary enthalpy;
- Tm,i—melting point of element i;
2.3.2. CALPHAD Method
3. Synthesis Methods and Their Influence on the Structure and Properties of HEA Alloys
3.1. Synthesis Methods for HEA Alloys
- The transfer of electromagnetic energy from the coil to the body to be heated;
- The generation of heat in the material as a result of the Joule effect;
- The transfer of heat through thermal conduction throughout the entire mass of the body.
- Easily fusible metals, which melt at temperatures below 500 °C (e.g., Sn, Pb, Cd, Zn, etc.)
- Metals with medium melting temperatures, ranging from 500 °C to 1000 °C (e.g., Al, Mg, Sb, Ag, etc.)
- Metals with high melting temperatures, ranging from 1000 °C to 1500 °C (e.g., Cu, Au, Ni, Co, Mn, etc.)
- Refractory metals, which have melting temperatures above 1500 °C (e.g., Cr, Zr, Hf, Ti, W, Mo, etc.)
3.2. Influence of the Synthesis Method on the Structure and Properties of HEA Alloys
3.2.1. Influence on the Microstructure of Different HEA Alloys
3.2.2. Influence on the Mechanical Properties of Different HEA Alloys
4. Conclusions
- Microstructural Impact: The choice of synthesis method leads to diverse microstructures. For example, direct laser synthesis and arc melting produce different textures and structures, such as dendritic and Widmanstätten, due to varying solidification conditions.
- Phase Evolution: The evolution of phases in HEAs is influenced by parameters like grinding duration, ball-to-powder ratio, initial structure, and mixing order during mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. Similarly, cooling rates and local atomic arrangements during melting and casting impact phase stability and microstructure.
- Mechanical Properties: The mechanical properties, including hardness, ductility, and tensile strength, are significantly influenced by the synthesis method. Additive manufacturing techniques like selective laser melting (SLM) and laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) enhance these properties through rapid cooling rates and refined microstructures.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Parameters | Phase Type | Experimental [Reference] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔSmix, J/molK | ΔHmix, kJ/mol | δ, % | Ω | Δχ, % | VEC | |||
CoCrFeMnNi | 13.38 | −4.16 | 3.27 | 5.79 | 4.465 | 8 | FCC | FCC [42] |
CoCrFeNi | 11.53 | −3.75 | 0.3 | 5.75 | 4.853 | 8.25 | FCC | FCC [43] |
CoCrFeNiAl0.25 | 12.71 | −6.75 | 3.47 | 3.42 | 5.315 | 7.94 | BCC + FCC | FCC [44] |
CrFeMnCuCo | 13.38 | 4.16 | 3.14 | 5.56 | 4.108 | 8.2 | FCC | FCC [42] |
WMoNbTa | 11.53 | −6.5 | 2.32 | 5.6 | 3.765 | 5.5 | BCC | BCC [45] |
WMoNbTaV | 13.38 | −4.64 | 3.15 | 8.54 | 4.458 | 5.4 | BCC | BCC [45] |
NbTaHfZrTi | 13.38 | 2.72 | 4.98 | 12.41 | 6.567 | 4.4 | BCC | BCC [46] |
CrMnFe1.5Ni0.5Al0.5 | 12.66 | −7.26 | 5.15 | 3 | 4.822 | 7 | BCC + FCC | BCC + IM [47] |
CrMnFe1.5Ni0.5Al1.2 | 12.94 | −11.29 | 6.02 | 1.85 | 5.244 | 6.46 | BCC | BCC [47] |
Cr0.5Fe0.5NiAlCo0.5MnV | 15.75 | −15.74 | 5.29 | 1.68 | 7.355 | 6.64 | BCC | BCC [47] |
CrNiCoMnV | 13.38 | −8.8 | 3.33 | 2.85 | 7.375 | 7.4 | BCC + FCC | FCC + IM [42] |
CrNiMnFeTi | 13.38 | −12.32 | 6.58 | 1.99 | 10.219 | 7 | BCC + FCC | BCC + FCC + IM [42] |
Al3.4Cu0.5Si0.2Zn0.5Mg0.2 | 8.15 | −3.38 | 5.7 | 2.37 | 7.198 | 4.77 | BCC | FCC + HCP + IM [48] |
Al3Si0.8Zn0.3Mg0.7Mn0.2 | 9.75 | −13.79 | 9.03 | 0.75 | 10.774 | 3.72 | IM | FCC + IM [48] |
Al20Be20Fe10Si15Ti35 | 12.69 | −40.42 | 11.15 | 0.51 | 11.987 | 3.8 | IM | IM [49] |
Al65Cr5Cu5Si15Mn5Ti5 | 9.68 | −20.22 | 7.7 | 0.58 | 8.023 | 3.95 | IM | IM [50] |
AlCrFeMnTi0.25 | 12.71 | −11.74 | 6.27 | 1.77 | 6.283 | 5.88 | BCC | BCC + L21 [51] |
Material | CALPHAD Results | Experimental [Reference] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 °C | 400 °C | 600 °C | 800 °C | ||
CoCrFeMnNi | FCC + BCC + sigma | FCC | FCC | FCC | FCC [42] |
CoCrFeNi | BCC + sigma + IM | FCC + BCC + sigma | FCC + sigma | FCC | FCC [43] |
CoCrFeNiAl0.25 | BCC + sigma + IM | BCC + sigma + IM | FCC + sigma + IM | FCC | FCC [44] |
CrFeMnCuCo | FCC + BCC + sigma+ IM | FCC + BCC + HCP + sigma | FCC + BCC | FCC + BCC | FCC [42] |
WMoNbTa | BCC + IM | BCC | BCC | BCC | BCC [45] |
WMoNbTaV | BCC + IM | BCC | BCC | BCC | BCC [45] |
NbTaHfZrTi | HCP + BCC | BCC + HCP | BCC + HCP | BCC | BCC [46] |
CrMnFe1.5Ni0.5Al0.5 | SIGMA + BCC + IM | SIGMA + BCC + IM | SIGMA + FCC + BCC + IM | BCCC + FFCC + IM | BCC + IM [47] |
CrMnFe1.5Ni0.5Al1.2 | SIGMA + BCC + IM | BCC + SIGMA + IM | BCC + IM | BCC + IM | BCC [47] |
Cr0.5Fe0.5NiAlCo0.5MnV | BCC + IM | BCC + IM | BCC + IM | BCC + FCC + IM | BCC [47] |
CrNiCoMnV | FCC + BCC + IM | FCC + BCC | FCC + BCC | FCC + BCC | FCC + IM [42] |
CrNiMnFeTi | FCC + IM | BCC + IM | BCC + IM | BCC + IM | BCC + FCC + IM [42] |
Al3.4Cu0.5Si0.2Zn0.5Mg0.2 | FCC + HCP + IM | BCC + FCC + IM | LIQUID | LIQUID | FCC + HCP + IM [48] |
Al3Si0.8Zn0.3Mg0.7Mn0.2 | FCC + IM | FCC + IM | IM | LIQUID | FCC + IM [48] |
Al65Cr5Cu5Si15Mn5Ti5 | BCC + IM | FCC + BCC + IM | FCC + BCC | LIQUID | IM [50] |
AlCrFeMnTi0.25 | BCC + FCC | BCC | BCC | BCC | BCC + L21 [51] |
Composition of HEA Alloy | Melting-Casting | MA + SPS | AM | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phases | Mechanical Properties | Phases | Mechanical Properties | Phases | Mechanical Properties | |
CoCrFeNiMn | FCC [84,85] | - | FCC [88] | Rc = 1987 MPa Vickers hardness = 646 HV | FCC + BCC [82,89,90] | Rt = 601 MPa |
CoCrFeNiAl0.3 | FCC [91,92] | UTS = 528 MPa YTS = 257 MPa | FCC + BCC [78] | Rc = 1907 MPa Vickers hardness = 625 HV | FCC [93] | UTS = 896 MPa; YS = 730 MPa |
CoCrFeNi | - | - | FCC + Cr7C3 [94] | Vickers hardness = 580 HV | FCC [95] | - |
AlCoCrCuFeNi | FCC + BCC [96] | Hardness = 5.056 GPa Rc = 1.82 GPa | FCC + BCC [97] | Hardness = 8.13 GPa Elastic modulus = 172 GPa | BCC [98] | - |
TiZrNbMo0.3V0.3 | BCC [99] | YS = 1312 MPa | - | - | FCC + BCC [100] | - |
Ni1.5Co1.5CrFeTi0.5 | FCC [101] | YS = 896 MPa Rc = 1502 MPa Vickers hardness = 515 HV | FCC [102] | Vickers hardness = 442 HV Elastic modulus = 216 GPa Rt = 1384 MP | - | - |
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Caramarin, S.; Badea, I.-C.; Mosinoiu, L.-F.; Mitrica, D.; Serban, B.-A.; Vitan, N.; Cursaru, L.-M.; Pogrebnjak, A. Structural Particularities, Prediction, and Synthesis Methods in High-Entropy Alloys. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7576. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177576
Caramarin S, Badea I-C, Mosinoiu L-F, Mitrica D, Serban B-A, Vitan N, Cursaru L-M, Pogrebnjak A. Structural Particularities, Prediction, and Synthesis Methods in High-Entropy Alloys. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):7576. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177576
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaramarin, Stefania, Ioana-Cristina Badea, Laurentiu-Florin Mosinoiu, Dumitru Mitrica, Beatrice-Adriana Serban, Nicoleta Vitan, Laura-Madalina Cursaru, and Alexander Pogrebnjak. 2024. "Structural Particularities, Prediction, and Synthesis Methods in High-Entropy Alloys" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7576. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177576