Determination of Diffusion Coefficients of Bisphenol A (BPA) in Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) to Estimate Migration of BPA from Recycled PET into Foods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation for the Determination of Bisphenol A in PET
2.3. Migration Kinetics of Bisphenol A from PET into Food Simulants
2.4. Quantification of Bisphenol A in Dichloromethane Extracts and Food Simulants
3. Results
3.1. Concentations of Bisphenol A in Recyclate Containing PET Bottles in Europe
3.2. Migration Kinetics into Food Simulants
3.3. Diffusion Coefficients and Activation Energies of Diffusion
3.4. Migration Modeling
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Concentration [mg/kg] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2019–2023 | |
maximum | 5.28 | 4.68 | 20.0 | 56.6 | 18.4 | 56.6 |
minimum | 0.033 | 0.020 | 0.073 | 0.260 | 0.050 | 0.020 |
mean value | 0.715 | 0.737 | 2.42 | 4.16 | 1.50 | 1.74 |
median | 0.450 | 0.592 | 0.893 | 0.867 | 0.760 | 0.703 |
mean rPET content | 71% | 76% | 98% | 100% | 100% | 90% |
analyzed samples | 23 | 116 | 51 | 56 | 129 | 375 |
Food Simulant | Storage Time [d] | Concentration [µg/L] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
30 °C | 40 °C | 50 °C | 60 °C | ||
3% acetic acid | 10 | 0.128 ± 0.010 | 0.242 ± 0.010 | 0.511 ± 0.022 | 1.11 ± 0.06 |
20 | 0.188 ± 0.005 | 0.287 ± 0.007 | 0.716 ± 0.012 | 1.45 ± 0.08 | |
30 | 0.141 ± 0.005 | 0.310 ± 0.012 | 0.710 ± 0.029 | 1.57 ± 0.05 | |
40 | 0.155 ± 0.003 | 0.316 ± 0.005 | 0.841 ± 0.039 | 1.93 ± 0.11 | |
50 | 0.182 ± 0.006 | 0.341 ± 0.012 | 0.790 ± 0.007 | 1.89 ± 0.15 | |
60 | 0.159 ± 0.004 | 0.301 ± 0.009 | 0.634 ± 0.029 | 1.61 ± 0.04 | |
90 | 0.225 ± 0.008 | 0.460 ± 0.026 | 0.926 ± 0.106 | 2.42 ± 0.22 | |
10% ethanol | 10 | 0.154 ± 0.014 | 0.296 ± 0.026 | 0.688 ± 0.024 | 1.69 ± 0.044 |
20 | 0.221 ± 0.016 | 0.349 ± 0.012 | 0.863 ± 0.033 | 2.02 ± 0.042 | |
30 | 0.172 ± 0.009 | 0.423 ± 0.035 | 0.969 ± 0.034 | 2.44 ± 0.07 | |
40 | 0.215 ± 0.002 | 0.409 ± 0.002 | 1.10 ± 0.01 | 2.64 ± 0.25 | |
50 | 0.235 ± 0.033 | 0.462 ± 0.009 | 0.990 ± 0.017 | 2.53 ± 0.13 | |
60 | 0.198 ± 0.013 | 0.424 ± 0.002 | 0.953 ± 0.009 | 2.59 ± 0.12 | |
90 | 0.260 ± 0.010 | 0.547 ± 0.029 | 1.22 ± 0.043 | 3.72 ± 0.070 | |
20% ethanol | 10 | 0.205 ± 0.005 | 0.383 ± 0.004 | 1.05 ± 0.02 | 2.88 ± 0.02 |
20 | 0.286 ± 0.009 | 0.491 ± 0.004 | 1.30 ± 0.06 | 3.58 ± 0.06 | |
30 | 0.244 ± 0.005 | 0.603 ± 0.013 | 1.57 ± 0.03 | 4.25 ± 0.07 | |
40 | 0.259 ± 0.004 | 0.626 ± 0.018 | 1.74 ± 0.06 | 4.98 ± 0.10 | |
50 | 0.336 ± 0.010 | 0.700 ± 0.007 | 1.72 ± 0.07 | 4.26 ± 0.12 | |
60 | 0.298 ± 0.012 | 0.576 ± 0.026 | 1.39 ± 0.04 | 4.40 ± 0.17 | |
90 | 0.386 ± 0.019 | 0.736 ± 0.078 | 2.19 ± 0.10 | 6.20 ± 0.11 |
Food Simulant | Temperature [°C] | Diffusion Coefficient DP [cm2/s] | Activation Energy EA [kJ/mol] | Pre-Exponential Factor D0 [cm2/s] | Correlation Coefficient r2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3% acetic acid | 30 | 1.10 × 10−18 | |||
40 | 4.14 × 10−18 | 131.2 | 3.87 × 104 | 0.9922 | |
50 | 2.08 × 10−17 | ||||
60 | 1.19 × 10−16 | ||||
10% ethanol | 30 | 1.67 × 10−18 | |||
40 | 6.87 × 10−18 | 140.9 | 2.63 × 106 | 0.9901 | |
50 | 3.68 × 10−17 | ||||
60 | 2.60 × 10−16 | ||||
20% ethanol | 30 | 3.29 × 10−18 | |||
40 | 1.37 × 10−17 | 153.6 | 7.71 × 108 | 0.9883 | |
50 | 9.84 × 10−17 | ||||
60 | 7.72 × 10−16 |
Temperature [°C] | Diffusion Coefficient [cm2/s] |
---|---|
25 | 8.45 × 10−15 |
30 | 1.65 × 10−14 |
40 | 5.84 × 10−14 |
50 | 1.92 × 10−13 |
60 | 5.87 × 10−13 |
Temperature [°C] | Diffusion Coefficient [cm2/s] | Activation Energy [kJ/mol] | Pre-Exponential Factor [cm2/s] |
---|---|---|---|
25 | 1.09 × 10−18 | ||
30 | 3.33 × 10−18 | ||
40 | 2.72 × 10−17 | 165.8 | 1.22 × 1011 |
50 | 1.95 × 10−16 | ||
60 | 1.24 × 10−15 |
Temperature | Storage Time [d] | Concentration [mg/kg] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3% Acetic Acid (EA exp) | 10% Ethanol (EA exp) | 20% Ethanol (EA exp) | DP Predicted EA Based Model | DP Predicted AP Model | ||
25 °C | 10 | 1792 | 1542 | 1167 | 1083 | 12.3 |
20 | 1267 | 1108 | 825 | 765 | 8.67 | |
30 | 1033 | 892 | 672 | 624 | 7.09 | |
50 | 800 | 686 | 521 | 487 | 5.52 | |
90 | 597 | 514 | 387 | 361 | 4.12 | |
120 | 519 | 444 | 336 | 314 | 3.57 | |
150 | 462 | 397 | 300 | 279 | 3.19 | |
200 | 402 | 344 | 260 | 226 | 2.76 | |
300 | 327 | 281 | 212 | 198 | 2.25 | |
365 | 297 | 255 | 192 | 179 | 2.04 | |
40 °C | 10 | 542 | 395 | 263 | 218 | 4.68 |
60 °C | 10 | 111 | 77.7 | 45.0 | 32.3 | 1.48 |
Temperature | Storage Time [d] | Concentration [mg/kg] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3% Acetic Acid (EA exp) | 10% Ethanol (EA exp) | 20% Ethanol (EA exp) | DP Predicted EA Based Model | DP Predicted AP Model | ||
25 °C | 10 | 21.5 | 18.5 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 0.148 |
20 | 15.2 | 13.1 | 9.90 | 9.18 | 0.104 | |
30 | 12.4 | 10.7 | 8.07 | 7.49 | 0.0851 | |
50 | 9.60 | 8.23 | 6.25 | 5.84 | 0.0663 | |
90 | 7.16 | 6.17 | 4.65 | 4.33 | 0.0494 | |
120 | 6.23 | 5.33 | 4.03 | 3.77 | 0.0428 | |
150 | 5.54 | 4.77 | 3.60 | 3.35 | 0.0383 | |
200 | 4.82 | 4.13 | 3.12 | 2.91 | 0.0331 | |
300 | 3.93 | 3.37 | 2.54 | 2.38 | 0.0270 | |
365 | 3.57 | 3.06 | 2.30 | 2.15 | 0.0245 | |
40 °C | 10 | 6.50 | 4.74 | 3.16 | 2.62 | 0.0562 |
60 °C | 10 | 1.33 | 0.932 | 0.540 | 0.388 | 0.0178 |
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Juric, M.; Franz, R.; Welle, F. Determination of Diffusion Coefficients of Bisphenol A (BPA) in Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) to Estimate Migration of BPA from Recycled PET into Foods. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7704. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177704
Juric M, Franz R, Welle F. Determination of Diffusion Coefficients of Bisphenol A (BPA) in Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) to Estimate Migration of BPA from Recycled PET into Foods. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):7704. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177704
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuric, Mladen, Roland Franz, and Frank Welle. 2024. "Determination of Diffusion Coefficients of Bisphenol A (BPA) in Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) to Estimate Migration of BPA from Recycled PET into Foods" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7704. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177704