The Effectiveness of Physical Activity Intervention at School on BMI and Body Composition in Overweight Children: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. BMI
2.4. Body Composition Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Group
3.2. Anthropometric Indicators
3.3. Fat Tissue
3.4. Fat-Free Mass
3.5. Skeletal Muscle Mass
3.6. Total Body Water
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- World Health Organization. Obesity and Overweight. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight (accessed on 4 May 2023).
- World Health Organization. WHO European Regional Obesity Report. 2022. Available online: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/353747/9789289057738-eng.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed on 4 July 2023).
- World Obesity Federation, World Obesity Atlas 2023. Available online: https://data.worldobesity.org/publications/?cat=19 (accessed on 4 June 2023).
- Jebeile, H.; Kelly, A.S.; O’Malley, G.; Baur, L.A. Obesity in children and adolescents: Epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022, 10, 351–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet 2017, 390, 2627–2642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gomula, A.; Nowak-Szczepańska, N.; Danel, D.P.; Koziel, S. Overweight trends among Polish schoolchildren before and after the transition from communism to capitalism. Econ. Hum. Biol. 2015, 19, 246–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oblacińska, A. Rozwój fizyczny i samoocena masy ciała. In Pupils’ Health in 2018 against the New HBSC Research Model; Mazur, J., Małkowska-Szkutnik, A., Eds.; Instytut Matki i Dziecka: Warsaw, Poland, 2018; pp. 70–81. [Google Scholar]
- Jarosz, M.; Charzewska, J.; Wolnicka, K.; Wajszczyk, B.; Chwojnowska, Z.; Taraszewska, A.; Jaczewska-Schuetz, J. Nutritional status of children and adolescents-preliminary results the programme KIK/34 “Preventing overweight and obesity” in Swiss-Polish Cooperation Programme. Polish J. Human. Nutr. 2016, 43, 231–238. [Google Scholar]
- Fijałkowska, A.; Oblacińska, A.; Stalmach, M. Nadwaga i Otyłość u Polskich 8-Latków w świetle Uwarunkowań Biologicznych, Behawioralnych i Społecznych. Raport z Międzynarodowych Badań WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). Warszawa. 2017. Available online: http://www.imid.med.pl/ (accessed on 4 July 2023).
- August, G.P.; Caprio, S.; Fennoy, I.; Freemark, M.; Kaufman, F.R.; Lustig, R.H.; Silverstein, J.H.; Speiser, P.W.; Styne, D.M.; Montori, V.M.; et al. Prevention and treatment of pediatric obesity: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline based on expert opinion. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008, 93, 4576–4599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oliveros, E.; Somers, V.K.; Sochor, O.; Goel, K.; Lopez-Jimenez, F. The concept of normal weight obesity. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2014, 56, 426–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brener, A.; Waksman, Y.; Rosenfeld, T.; Levy, S.; Peleg, I.; Raviv, A.; Interator, H.; Lebenthal, Y. The heritability of body composition. BMC Pediatr. 2021, 21, 225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verney, J.; Metz, L.; Chaplais, E.; Cardenoux, C.; Pereira, B.; Thivel, D. Bioelectrical impedance is an accurate method to assess body composition in obese but not severely obese adolescents. Nutr. Res. 2016, 36, 663–670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laskey, M.A. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and body composition. Nutrition 1996, 12, 45–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seo, Y.G.; Kim, J.H.; Kim, Y.; Lim, H.; Ju, Y.S.; Kang, M.J.; Lee, K.; Lee, H.J.; Jang, H.B.; Park, S.I.; et al. Validation of body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis in children according to the degree of obesity. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2018, 28, 2207–2215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCarthy, H.D.; Samani–Radia, D.; Jebb, S.A.; Prentice, A.M. Skeletal muscle mass reference curves for children and adolescents. Pediatr. Obes. 2014, 9, 249–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McCarthy, H.D.; Cole, T.J.; Fry, T.; Jebb, S.A.; Prentice, A.M. Body fat reference curves for children. Int. J. Obes. 2006, 30, 598–602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Borga, M.; West, J.; Bell, J.D.; Harvey, N.C.; Romu, T.; Heymsfield, S.B. Advanced body composition assessment: From body mass index to body composition profiling. J. Investig. Med. 2018, 66, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dettlaff-Dunowska, M.; Brzeziński, M.; Zagierska, A.; Borkowska, A.; Zagierski, M.; Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz, A. Changes in Body Composition and Physical Performance in Children with Excessive Body Weight Participating in an Integrated Weight-Loss Programme. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wojtyniak, B.; Goryński, P. (Eds.) Sytuacja Zdrowotna Ludności Polskiej i Jej Uwarunkowania; Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego-Państwowy Zakład Higieny: Warsaw, Poland, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Ługowska, K.; Kolanowski, W.; Trafialek, J. The Impact of Physical Activity at School on Children’s Body Mass during 2 Years of Observation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nowaczyk, M.; Cieślik, K.; Waszak, M. Assessment of the Impact of Increased Physical Activity on Body Mass and Adipose Tissue Reduction in Overweight and Obese Children. Children 2023, 10, 764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faul, F.; Erdfelder, E.; Lang, A.G.; Buchner, A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav. Res. Methods 2007, 39, 175–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lisinskiene, A.; Lochbaum, M. The Coach-Athlete-Parent Relationship: The Importance of the Sex, Sport Type, and Family Composition. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kułaga, Z.; Grajda, A.; Gurzkowska, B.; Góźdź, M.; Wojtyło, M.; Świąder, A.; Różdżyńska-Świątkowska, A.; Litwin, M. Polish 2012 growth references for preschool children. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2013, 172, 753–761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kułaga, Z.; Różdżyńska, A.; Palczewska, I. Percentile charts of height, body mass and body mass index in children and adolescents in Poland—Results of the OLAF study. Stand. Med. Pediatr. 2010, 7, 690–700. [Google Scholar]
- Ługowska, K.; Kolanowski, W. The Impact of Physical Activity at School on Body Fat Content in School-Aged Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Bull World Health Organ 2013, 79, 373–374. [Google Scholar]
- Farbo, D.J.; Rhea, D.J. A Pilot Study Examining Body Composition Classification Differences between Body Mass Index and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Children With High Levels of Physical Activity. Front. Pediatr. 2021, 9, 724053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Orsso, C.E.; Gonzalez, M.C.; Maisch, M.J.; Haqq, A.M.; Prado, C.M. Using bioelectrical impedance analysis in children and adolescents: Pressing issues. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2022, 76, 659–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marfell-Jones, M.; Old, T.; Steward, A.; Carter, J.E.L. International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment; ISAK: Palmerston North, New Zeland, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Tanita SC-240MA Instruction Manual. Tanita User Manual SC 240 MA. Available online: https://www.manualslib.com/manual/1065295/Tanita-Sc-240ma.html (accessed on 12 October 2020).
- Sullivan, G.M.; Feinn, R. Using Effect Size—Or Why the P Value Is Not Enough. J. Grad. Med. Educ. 2012, 4, 279–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pezoa-Fuentes, P.; Cossio-Bolaños, M.; Urra-Albornoz, C.; Alvear-Vasquez, F.; Lazari, E.; Urzua-Alul, L.; de Campos, L.F.C.C.; Gomez-Campos, R. Fat-free mass and maturity status are determinants of physical fitness perform. J. Pediatr. 2023, 99, 38–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Méndez-Hernández, L.D.; Ramírez-Moreno, E.; Barrera-Gálvez, R.; Cabrera-Morales, M.D.C.; Reynoso-Vázquez, J.; Flores-Chávez, O.R.; Morales-Castillejos, L.; Cruz-Cansino, N.D.S.; Jiménez-Sánchez, R.C.; Arias-Rico, J. Effects of Strength Training on Body Fat in Children and Adolescents with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Children 2022, 9, 995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gutin, B.; Yin, Z.; Humphries, M.C.; Hoffman, W.H.; Gower, B.; Barbeau, P. Relations of fatness and fitness to fasting insulin in black and white adolescents. J. Pediatr. 2004, 145, 737–743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goossens, G.H. The Metabolic Phenotype in Obesity: Fat Mass, Body Fat Distribution, and Adipose Tissue Function. Obes. Facts 2017, 10, 207–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Logan, K.; Lloyd, R.S.; Schafer-Kalkhoff, T.; Khoury, J.C.; Ehrlich, S.; Dolan, L.M.; Shah, A.S.; Myer, G.D. Youth sports participation and health status in early adulthood: A 12-year follow-up. Prev. Med. Rep. 2020, 19, 101107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Q.; Guo, H.; Chen, S.; Ma, J.; Kim, H. The Association of Body Mass Index and Fat Mass with Health-Related Physical Fitness among Chinese Schoolchildren: A Study Using a Predictive Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 20, 355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsolakis, C.; Cherouveim, E.D.; Skouras, A.Z.; Antonakis-Karamintzas, D.; Czvekus, C.; Halvatsiotis, P.; Savvidou, O.; Koulouvaris, P. The Impact of Obesity on the Fitness Performance of School-Aged Children Living in Rural Areas-The West Attica Project. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Miguet, M.; Fearnbach, N.S.; Metz, L.; Khammassi, M.; Julian, V.; Cardenoux, C.; Pereira, B.; Boirie, Y.; Duclos, M.; Thivel, D. Effect of HIIT versus MICT on body composition and energy intake in dietary restrained and unrestrained adolescents with obesity. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2020, 45, 437–445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Soares, R.; Brasil, I.; Monteiro, W.; Farinatti, P. Effects of physical activity on body mass and composition of school-age children and adolescents with overweight or obesity: Systematic review focusing on intervention characteristics. J. Bodyw. Mov. Therap. 2023, 33, 154–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ubago-Guisado, E.; Mata, E.; Sánchez-Sánchez, J.; Plaza-Carmona, M.; Martín-García, M.; Gallardo, L. Influence of different sports on fat mass and lean mass in growing girls. J. Sport. Health Sci. 2017, 6, 213–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abbott, R.A.; Davies, P.S. Habitual physical activity and physical activity intensity: Their relation to body composition in 5.0–10.5-y-old children. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 58, 285–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ball, E.J.; O’Connor, J.; Abbott, R.; Steinbeck, K.S.; Davies, P.S.; Wishart, C.; Gaskin, K.J.; Baur, L.A. Total energy expenditure, body fatness, and physical activity in children aged 6–9 y. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001, 74, 524–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ara, I.; Vicente-Rodríguez, G.; Jimenez-Ramirez, J.; Dorado, C.; Serrano-Sanchez, J.A.; Calbet, J.A. Regular participation in sports is associated with enhanced physical fitness and lower fat mass in prepubertal boys. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 2004, 28, 1585–1593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cvetković, N.; Stojanović, E.; Stojiljković, N.; Nikolić, D.; Scanlan, A.T.; Milanović, Z. Exercise training in overweight and obese children: Recreational football and high-intensity interval training provide similar benefits to physical fitness. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2018, 28 (Suppl. 1), 18–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Larsen, M.N.; Nielsen, C.M.; Ørntoft, C.; Randers, M.B.; Helge, E.W.; Madsen, M.; Manniche, V.; Hansen, L.; Hansen, P.R.; Bangsbo, J.; et al. Fitness Effects of 10-Month Frequent Low-Volume Ball Game Training or Interval Running for 8-10-Year-Old School Children. Biomed. Res. Int. 2017, 2017, 2719752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferreira, I.; Boreham, C.A.; Twisk, J.W.; Gallagher, A.M.; Young, I.S.; Murray, L.J.; Stehouwer, C.D. Clustering of metabolic syndrome risk factors and arterial stiffness in young adults: The Northern Ireland Young Hearts Project. J. Hypertens 2007, 25, 1009–1020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McGuigan, M.R.; Tatasciore, M.; Newton, R.U.; Pettigrew, S. Eight weeks of resistance training can significantly alter body composition in children who are overweight or obese. J. Strength. Cond. Res. 2009, 23, 80–85. [Google Scholar]
- Zouch, M.; Jaffré, C.; Thomas, T.; Frère, D.; Courteix, D.; Vico, L.; Alexandre, C. Long-term soccer practice increases bone mineral content gain in prepubescent boys. Joint Bone Spine 2008, 75, 41–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Larsen, M.N.; Nielsen, C.M.; Helge, E.W.; Madsen, M.; Manniche, V.; Hansen, L.; Hansen, P.R.; Bangsbo, J.; Krustrup, P. Positive effects on bone mineralisation and muscular fitness after 10 months of intense school-based physical training for children aged 8–10 years: The FIT FIRST randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Sports Med. 2018, 52, 254–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mattoo, T.K.; Lu, H.; Ayers, E.; Thoma, R. Total body water by BIA in children and young adults with normal and excessive weight. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, 0239212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maffeisa, C.; Tommasi, M.; Tomaselli, F.; Spinelli, J. Fluid intake and hydration status in obese vs normal weight children. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2016, 70, 560–565. [Google Scholar]
- Neil-Sztramko, S.E.; Caldwell, H.; Dobbins, M. School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2021, 9, CD007651. [Google Scholar]
- Juric, P.; Jurak, G.; Morrison, S.A.; Starc, G.; Soric, M. Effectiveness of a population-scaled, school-based physical activity intervention for the prevention of childhood obesity. Obesity 2023, 31, 811–822. [Google Scholar]
Measurement Session | SPA | EPA | * p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Girls | Boys | Mean | Girls | Boys | Mean | ||
Overweight | |||||||
Initial | 59% | 55.5% | 57.25% | 58% | 50% | 54% | 0.030 |
Final | 47% | 61% | 54% | 62.5% | 67% | 59.75% | 0.021 |
Obesity | |||||||
Initial | 41% | 44.5% | 42.75% | 42% | 50% | 46% | 0.045 |
Final | 53% | 39% | 46% | 37.5% | 33% | 35.25% | 0.050 |
A Change in the BMI Category from Overweight to Normal | |||||||
Entire study period | 3.33% | 0 | 3.33% | 7.71% | 11.43% | 17.14% | 0.001 |
Indicator | SPA | EPA | Total p | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | Final | p | Initial | Final | p | ||||||
Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | ||||
Height (cm) | 151.25 | 145.08 | 165.41 | 159.25 | 0.001 | 144.66 | 147 | 158 | 160.62 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Weight (kg) | 59.98 | 47.60 | 75.18 | 61.64 | 0.012 | 47.50 | 48.67 | 60.38 | 61.88 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.92 | 22.58 | 27.23 | 24.37 | 0.162 | 22.65 | 22.41 | 24.21 | 23.66 | 0.062 | 0.042 |
BMI (percentile, c) | 97 c | 90 c | 97 c | 97 c | 0.032 | 90 c | 90 c | 85 c | 90 c | 0.010 | 0.014 |
Indicator | SPA | EPA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | Final | p | Initial | Final | p | |
FM (kg) | 15.02 | 20.32 | 0.001 | 15.65 | 18.87 | 0.001 |
FM (%) | 31.62 | 32.65 | 0.025 | 32.02 | 30.02 | 0.000 |
FM (percentile, c) | 91 c | 95 c | 0.024 | 91 c | 85 c | 0.000 |
FFM (kg) | 32.50 | 41.17 | 0.001 | 32.07 | 43.01 | 0.001 |
FFM (%) | 68.38 | 67.35 | 0.051 | 67.98 | 69.98 | 0.025 |
TBW (kg) | 23.76 | 30.21 | 0.001 | 24.30 | 31.51 | 0.014 |
TBW (%) | 50.15 | 49.62 | 0.003 | 51.95 | 52.20 | 0.000 |
SMM (kg) | 18.47 | 23.35 | 0.001 | 18.75 | 24.12 | 0.001 |
SMM (%) | 38.66 | 38.10 | 0.514 | 38.54 | 40.12 | 0.000 |
Indicator | SPA | EPA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | Final | p | Initial | Final | p | |
FM (kg) | 17.39 | 23.19 | 0.001 | 12.43 | 13.76 | 0.001 |
FM (%) | 29 | 30.85 | 0.000 | 26.20 | 22.80 | 0.000 |
FM (percentile, c) | 95 | 95 | 0.452 | 91 | 85 | 0.000 |
FFM (kg) | 42.58 | 51.98 | 0.014 | 35.66 | 46.61 | 0.014 |
FFM (%) | 71 | 69.11 | 0.001 | 73.80 | 77.20 | 0.001 |
TBW (kg) | 30.73 | 37.77 | 0.025 | 25.64 | 33.31 | 0.000 |
TBW (%) | 51.25 | 50.25 | 0.012 | 54.56 | 55.70 | 0.045 |
SMM (kg) | 22.89 | 29.84 | 0.024 | 20.57 | 33.07 | 0.001 |
SMM (%) | 39.05 | 40.46 | 0.071 | 42.01 | 45.45 | 0.001 |
Fat Mass, % (kg) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measurement Session | Average Age (Years) | Mean Total * | SPA | EPA | p ** | ESs | ||||||||||
Mean | Median | Min. | Max. | SD | 95% CI | Mean | Median | Min. | Max. | SD | 95% CI | |||||
Average | ||||||||||||||||
I | 10.27 | 29.48 (15.11) | 30.32 (16.20) | 30.50 | 17.50 | 47.40 | 5.61 | 4.45–7.59 | 28.65 (14.03) | 30.00 | 18.80 | 37.30 | 5.00 | 3.98–6.73 | 0.018 | 0.789 |
II | 10.90 | 29.35 (16.01) | 30.62 (17.67) | 29.05 | 17.10 | 47.90 | 5.76 | 4.67–7.51 | 28.08 (14.35) | 28.00 | 16.60 | 38.00 | 5.42 | 4.29–7.38 | 0.029 | 0.830 |
III | 11.27 | 29.28 (17.04) | 31.18 (19.32) | 30.10 | 18.50 | 48.00 | 6.17 | 4.93–8.25 | 27.39 (14.76) | 29.00 | 17.70 | 39.00 | 5.45 | 4.29–7.48 | 0.043 | 0.904 |
IV | 11.90 | 29.21 (18.05) | 31.44 (20.59) | 30.50 | 18.80 | 48.50 | 6.36 | 5.18–8.23 | 26.98 (15.54) | 28.50 | 17.89 | 38.90 | 6.31 | 5.04–8.44 | 0.041 | 0.744 |
V | 12.26 | 29.08 (19.03) | 31.75 (21.75) | 29.76 | 19.10 | 48.90 | 6.43 | 5.24–8.32 | 26.41 (16.31) | 29.30 | 16.50 | 38.50 | 5.50 | 4.35–7.49 | 0.033 | 0.643 |
Mean from all sessions | 29.28 (17.04) | 31.06 (19.11) | 27.50 (15.00) | 0.001 | 0.320 | |||||||||||
Girls | ||||||||||||||||
I | 10.27 | 31.77 (15.33) | 31.62 (15.02) 91 c | 31.20 | 27.00 | 34.40 | 2.28 | 1.67–3.59 | 31.93 (15.64) 91 c | 31.87 | 27.80 | 38.30 | 3.01 | 2.24–4.58 | 0.062 | 0.322 |
II | 10.90 | 31.33 (16.08) | 31.79 (16.21) 91 c | 31.70 | 27.60 | 37.30 | 2.88 | 2.15–4.39 | 30.87 (15.95) 91 c | 31.43 | 27.30 | 38.00 | 3.61 | 2.67–5.60 | 0.027 | 0.287 |
III | 11.27 | 31.29 (17.34) | 31.86 (17.86) 91 c | 31.00 | 28.40 | 38.10 | 2.76 | 2.00–4.44 | 30.73 (16.83) 91 c | 30.50 | 26.40 | 37.00 | 3.31 | 2.40–5.33 | 0.033 | 0.479 |
IV | 11.90 | 31.13 (18.28) | 32.14 (19.02) 95 c | 30.00 | 28.50 | 39.20 | 2.98 | 2.25–4.40 | 30.12 (17.56) 91 c | 30.10 | 25.80 | 37.90 | 4.07 | 3.03–6.20 | 0.025 | 0.137 |
V | 12.26 | 31.33 (19.59) | 32.65 (20.32) 95 c | 31.35 | 28.80 | 39.60 | 3.16 | 3.16–2.40 | 30.02 (18.87) 85 c | 30.05 | 25.60 | 37.50 | 3.40 | 2.51–2.27 | 0.004 | 0.571 |
Mean from all sessions | 31.37 (17.32) | 31.93 (17.69) | 30.73 (16.97) | 0.014 | 0.351 | |||||||||||
Boys | ||||||||||||||||
I | 10.27 | 27.18 (14.91) | 29.0 (17.39) 95 c | 28.45 | 17.50 | 47.40 | 7.84 | 5.68–12.63 | 25.37 (12.43) 91 c | 25.40 | 18.80 | 34.30 | 4.66 | 3.34-7.70 | 0.003 | 0.128 |
II | 10.90 | 27.57 (15.94) | 29.85 (19.13) 95 c | 27.20 | 17.60 | 47.90 | 7.37 | 5.57–10.91 | 25.30 (12.75) 91 c | 24.40 | 17.60 | 34.10 | 5.09 | 3.61-8.65 | 0.010 | 0.274 |
III | 11.27 | 27.27 (16.74) | 30.50 (20.79) 95 c | 27.30 | 18.50 | 48.00 | 7.97 | 5.93–12.13 | 24.0 (12.69) 85 c | 23.60 | 16.70 | 33.90 | 4.53 | 3.24-7.47 | 0.008 | 0.075 |
IV | 11.90 | 27.30 (17.85) | 30.75 (22.17) 95 c | 26.00 | 18.80 | 48.50 | 8.00 | 6.05–11.84 | 23.85 (13.53) 85 c | 24.00 | 16.89 | 32.00 | 5.45 | 3.95-8.78 | 0.020 | 0.386 |
V | 12.26 | 26.82 (18.47) | 30.85 (23.19) 95 c | 24.50 | 19.10 | 48.90 | 7.64 | 5.73–11.45 | 22.80 (13.76) 85 c | 24.30 | 16.50 | 31.40 | 4.71 | 3.33-8.00 | 0.032 | 0.339 |
Mean from all sessions | 27.22 (16.78) | 30.19 (20.53) | 24.27 (13.03) | 0.001 | 0.420 |
Indicator | SPA | EPA | Total p | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | Final | p | Initial | Final | p | ||||||
Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.18 | 22.34 | 27.94 | 25.16 | 0.120 | 23.12 | 22.57 | 25.12 | 24.40 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
FM (kg) | 19.90 | 15.85 | 24.23 | 21.25 | 0.001 | 13.55 | 16.20 | 16.63 | 20.20 | 0.001 | 0.010 |
FM (%) | 30.61 | 31.95 | 32.25 | 33.05 | 0.010 | 27.22 | 32.23 | 25.13 | 31.20 | 0.000 | 0.031 |
FFM (kg) | 40.36 | 31.22 | 52.59 | 40.36 | 0.041 | 35.47 | 31.73 | 49.33 | 41.85 | 0.050 | 0.001 |
FFM (%) | 67.17 | 68.13 | 66.45 | 66.58 | 0.001 | 71.95 | 65.31 | 72.90 | 67.03 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
TBW (kg) | 29.78 | 23.16 | 38.50 | 29.61 | 0.032 | 25.81 | 24.15 | 35.00 | 30.00 | 0.000 | 0.002 |
TBW (%) | 50.10 | 49.17 | 49.11 | 48.41 | 0.001 | 52.31 | 50.62 | 53.27 | 51.06 | 0.000 | 0.002 |
SMM (kg) | 23.13 | 18.23 | 29.95 | 22.89 | 0.041 | 20.65 | 18.73 | 33.60 | 24.23 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
SMM (%) | 38.75 | 38.52 | 39.95 | 37.95 | 0.050 | 41.10 | 38.37 | 42.86 | 39.25 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
FFM, % (kg) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measurement Session | Average Age (Years) | Mean Total * | SPA | EPA | p ** | ESs | ||||||||||
Mean | Median | Min. | Max. | SD | 95% CI | Mean | Median | Min. | Max. | SD | 95% CI | |||||
Average | ||||||||||||||||
I | 10.27 | 69.80 (35.70) | 69.68 (37.54) | 69.50 | 60.50 | 74.00 | 4.30 | 4.20–6.14 | 69.97 (33.87) | 68.20 | 64.50 | 76.00 | 4.20 | 3.80–5.17 | 0.288 | 0.262 |
II | 10.90 | 70.69 (38.36) | 69.53 (40.13) | 68.70 | 59.00 | 75.50 | 4.70 | 3.80–5.42 | 71.85 (36.59) | 70.60 | 64.00 | 76.50 | 3.41 | 3.60–5.90 | 0.013 | 0.258 |
III | 11.27 | 70.66 (40.67) | 68.76 (42.66) | 66.90 | 60.20 | 74.00 | 3.90 | 4.18–6.30 | 72.57 (38.69) | 71.59 | 65.50 | 76.00 | 3.90 | 4.15–6.24 | 0.020 | 0.620 |
IV | 11.90 | 70.54 (43.41) | 68.31 (44.73) | 67.20 | 57.00 | 76.00 | 5.20 | 4.80–6.50 | 72.78 (42.10) | 71.90 | 65.00 | 76.80 | 4.25 | 4.39–6.15 | 0.012 | 0.172 |
V | 12.26 | 70.65 (45.69) | 67.95 (46.57) | 65.90 | 58.00 | 77.00 | 4.63 | 5.20–6.08 | 73.35 (44.81) | 72.12 | 66.50 | 78.50 | 4.60 | 5.18–6.14 | 0.014 | 0.087 |
Mean from all sessions | 70.46 (40.76) | 68.83 (42.33) | 72.10 (39.21) | 0.001 | 0.241 | |||||||||||
Girls | ||||||||||||||||
I | 10.27 | 67.08 (32.28) | 68.27 (32.50) | 68.70 | 65.60 | 73.00 | 5.90 | 4.07–10.80 | 65.89 (32.07) | 64.00 | 64.50 | 70.50 | 4.20 | 3.80–5.17 | 0.092 | 0.508 |
II | 10.90 | 68.96 (35.41) | 68.91 (35.30) | 67.20 | 62.70 | 73.70 | 4.30 | 2.74–8.40 | 69.01 (35.52) | 67.00 | 64.00 | 72.00 | 3.60 | 3.60–4.70 | 0.801 | 0.858 |
III | 11.27 | 68.58 (37.61) | 67.97 (37.93) | 66.00 | 62.00 | 72.80 | 6.20 | 6.72–12.20 | 69.20 (37.30) | 68.00 | 65.50 | 71.00 | 4.10 | 4.02–6.18 | 0.098 | 0.528 |
IV | 11.90 | 68.42 (40.27) | 67.43 (39.54) | 66.40 | 60.80 | 73.20 | 6.70 | 5.48–12.50 | 69.42 (41.00) | 68.50 | 65.00 | 72.50 | 5.20 | 3.50–6.14 | 0.047 | 0.860 |
V | 12.26 | 68.14 (42.09) | 66.79 (41.17) | 65.80 | 61.00 | 73.00 | 7.12 | 5.40–11.70 | 69.50 (43.01) | 68.00 | 66.50 | 74.00 | 6.17 | 3.90–5.79 | 0.042 | 0.447 |
Mean from all sessions | 68.23 (37.53) | 67.87 (37.29) | 68.60 (37.78) | 0.035 | 0.320 | |||||||||||
Boys | ||||||||||||||||
I | 10.27 | 72.52 (39.12) | 70.99 (42.58) | 69.70 | 60.50 | 74.00 | 6.40 | 3.90–5.70 | 74.05 (35.66) | 73.00 | 66.50 | 76.00 | 3.80 | 4.20–5.74 | 0.022 | 0.116 |
II | 10.90 | 72.43 (44.34) | 70.16 (51.02) | 68.50 | 59.00 | 75.50 | 4.72 | 4.20–6.05 | 74.70 (37.66) | 72.50 | 65.80 | 76.50 | 4.20 | 3.75–5.34 | 0.036 | 0.172 |
III | 11.27 | 72.72 (43.73) | 69.49 (47.39) | 67.90 | 60.20 | 74.00 | 5.14 | 4.80–6.20 | 75.95 (40.08) | 74.30 | 65.90 | 76.00 | 3.42 | 3.20–6.14 | 0.011 | 0.277 |
IV | 11.90 | 72.67 (46.30) | 69.20 (49.93) | 68.70 | 57.00 | 76.00 | 5.80 | 4.60–5.80 | 76.14 (43.21) | 75.20 | 66.40 | 76.80 | 3.24 | 2.80–6.40 | 0.017 | 0.061 |
V | 12.26 | 73.17 (49.29) | 69.14 (51.98) | 67.40 | 58.00 | 77.00 | 6.17 | 4.70–6.80 | 77.20 (46.61) | 75.90 | 68.90 | 78.50 | 4.20 | 3.15–5.79 | 0.030 | 0.128 |
Mean from all sessions | 72.70 (44.55) | 69.79 (47.37) | 75.60 (40.64) | 0.020 | 0.351 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kolanowski, W.; Ługowska, K. The Effectiveness of Physical Activity Intervention at School on BMI and Body Composition in Overweight Children: A Pilot Study. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7705. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177705
Kolanowski W, Ługowska K. The Effectiveness of Physical Activity Intervention at School on BMI and Body Composition in Overweight Children: A Pilot Study. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):7705. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177705
Chicago/Turabian StyleKolanowski, Wojciech, and Katarzyna Ługowska. 2024. "The Effectiveness of Physical Activity Intervention at School on BMI and Body Composition in Overweight Children: A Pilot Study" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7705. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177705