A Specific Test of Starting Blocks: Intrasession and Intersession Reliability of Isometric Strength Using a Functional Electromechanical Dynamometer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Procedures
2.3.1. Position Individualization
2.3.2. Positions of the Starting Blocks
2.3.3. Isometric Strength Tests with FEMD in the Initial Position of the Starting Blocks
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Participants. | Age | Dominant Foot | Experience | Weight | Height | BMI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(year) | (years) | (kg) | (m) | (kg/m2) | ||
S1 | 25.0 | Left | 9 | 75.0 | 1.69 | 26.3 |
S2 | 24.0 | Left | 7 | 74.8 | 1.85 | 21.8 |
S3 | 21.0 | Right | 6 | 69.2 | 1.68 | 24.7 |
S4 | 20.0 | Right | 7 | 60.2 | 1.74 | 20.0 |
S5 | 20.0 | Right | 8 | 68.9 | 1.74 | 22.9 |
S6 | 22.0 | Right | 9 | 72.8 | 1.77 | 23.4 |
S7 | 25.0 | Left | 7 | 87.0 | 1.75 | 28.4 |
S8 | 24.0 | Right | 10 | 84.5 | 1.86 | 24.4 |
S9 | 21.0 | Left | 9 | 57.4 | 1.71 | 19.6 |
S10 | 27.0 | Right | 12 | 83.0 | 1.71 | 28.4 |
S11 | 21.0 | Right | 6 | 77.8 | 1.74 | 25.7 |
S12 | 21.0 | Right | 6 | 72.5 | 1.74 | 23.9 |
S13 | 20.0 | Right | 8 | 61.2 | 1.84 | 18.1 |
S14 | 20.0 | Right | 4 | 62.6 | 1.76 | 20.2 |
S15 | 20.0 | Right | 6 | 70.7 | 1.83 | 21.2 |
S16 | 21.0 | Left | 8 | 69.2 | 1.81 | 21.1 |
S17 | 20.0 | Left | 7 | 64.5 | 1.75 | 21.1 |
S18 | 20.0 | Right | 8 | 72.9 | 1.85 | 21.3 |
mean | 21.7 | 7.40 | 70.88 | 1.77 | 22.74 | |
SD | 2.1 | 1.77 | 8.12 | 0.06 | 2.88 |
Test (kg) | Retest (kg) | p-Value | Cohen’s d | ICC (95% CI) | SSE | MSE | RMSE | % Error | % CV | SEM | MDC90 | SEE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peak Force | |||||||||||||
Bilateral Position | |||||||||||||
T1–T2 | 69.2 ± 16.3 | 69.2 ± 12.6 | 0.97 | 0.00 | 0.87 (0.68–0.95) | 1063.37 | 12.97 | 3.60 | 6.52 | 8.08 | 5.59 | 0.00 | 5.97 |
T3–T4 | 73.5 ± 19.7 | 73.5 ± 17.7 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.84 (0.62–0.94) | 2116.14 | 25.81 | 5.08 | 6.21 | 10.73 | 7.89 | 0.00 | 9.96 |
T5–T6 | 74.7 ± 16.2 | 80.2 ± 22.3 | 0.18 | 0.28 | 0.68 (0.32–0.87) | 5043.10 | 61.50 | 7.84 | 13.03 | 14.88 | 11.52 | −0.17 | 16.27 |
T7–T8 | 73.4 ± 19.4 | 78.0 ± 23.7 | 0.14 | 0.21 | 0.85 (0.64–0.94) | 3055.42 | 37.26 | 6.10 | 8.60 | 11.71 | 8.87 | −0.15 | 12.52 |
Dominant Leg Position | |||||||||||||
T1–T2 | 82.9 ± 15.7 | 88.5 ± 15.8 | 0.07 | 0.35 | 0.72 (0.39–0.88) | 3121.44 | 38.07 | 6.17 | 11.20 | 10.13 | 8.68 | −0.16 | 11.35 |
T3–T4 | 90.2 ± 14.8 | 85.4 ± 21.5 | 0.18 | −0.26 | 0.72 (0.39–0.89) | 3925.53 | 47.87 | 6.91 | 14.41 | 11.58 | 10.17 | 0.12 | 14.32 |
T5–T6 | 93.1 ± 20.1 | 92.2 ± 16.2 | 0.69 | −0.05 | 0.86 (0.67–0.95) | 1749.79 | 21.33 | 4.62 | 6.44 | 7.71 | 7.14 | 0.02 | 8.07 |
T7–T8 | 93.5 ± 15.5 | 91.1 ± 18.3 | 0.24 | −0.15 | 0.88 (0.71–0.95) | 1420.22 | 17.31 | 4.16 | 8.72 | 6.73 | 6.21 | 0.06 | 8.75 |
Non-Dominant Leg Position | |||||||||||||
T1–T2 | 81.9 ± 18.5 | 84.9 ± 19.7 | 0.41 | 0.16 | 0.70 (0.35–0.87) | 4261.21 | 51.97 | 7.21 | 10.55 | 13.15 | 10.97 | −0.09 | 14.59 |
T3–T4 | 84.8 ± 26.5 | 91.6 ± 19.0 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 0.63 (0.25–0.84) | 7921.48 | 96.60 | 9.83 | 8.47 | 16.38 | 14.45 | −0.19 | 14.61 |
T5–T6 | 93.9 ± 20.7 | 92.7 ± 21.6 | 0.69 | −0.06 | 0.84 (0.63–0.94 | 2662.73 | 32.47 | 5.69 | 8.01 | 9.44 | 8.81 | 0.03 | 12.13 |
T7–T8 | 96.4 ± 18.7 | 94.2 ± 17.4 | 0.49 | −0.12 | 0.77 (0.48–0.91) | 2896.24 | 35.32 | 5.94 | 8.40 | 9.55 | 9.10 | 0.05 | 11.55 |
Average Force | |||||||||||||
Bilateral Position | |||||||||||||
T1–T2 | 63.6 ± 14.7 | 64.2 ± 10.9 | 0.72 | 0.05 | 0.85 (0.64–0.94) | 956.64 | 11.67 | 3.42 | 7.08 | 8.62 | 5.28 | −0.02 | 5.37 |
T3–T4 | 68.5 ± 16.7 | 69.6 ± 16.6 | 0.60 | 0.07 | 0.87 (0.68–0.95) | 1429.84 | 17.44 | 4.18 | 6.44 | 9.31 | 6.43 | −0.04 | 8.73 |
T5–T6 | 69.4 ± 15.7 | 75.0 ± 18.2 | 0.08 | 0.33 | 0.75 (0.45–0.90) | 3236.79 | 39.47 | 6.28 | 10.65 | 12.33 | 8.87 | −0.19 | 12.33 |
T7–T8 | 70.3 ± 16.6 | 75.4 ± 20.7 | 0.10 | 0.27 | 0.80 (0.54–0.92) | 3133.88 | 38.22 | 6.18 | 9.76 | 12.14 | 8.85 | −0.17 | 12.52 |
Dominant Leg Position | |||||||||||||
T1–T2 | 74.8 ±13.9 | 82.1 ± 16.2 | 0.03 | 0.48 | 0.67 (0.31–0.86) | 3718.24 | 45.34 | 6.73 | 14.45 | 11.50 | 9.02 | −0.23 | 12.31 |
T3–T4 | 82.1 ± 12.6 | 81.7 ± 17.2 | 0.90 | −0.02 | 0.74 (0.43–0.90) | 2175.65 | 26.52 | 5.15 | 12.18 | 9.76 | 8.00 | 0.01 | 11.30 |
T5–T6 | 85.7 ± 17.6 | 85.4 ± 18.0 | 0.88 | −0.02 | 0.91 (0.78–0.97) | 1079.41 | 13.16 | 3.63 | 5.52 | 6.58 | 5.63 | 0.01 | 7.83 |
T7–T8 | 88.2 ± 14.8 | 85.3 ± 16.0 | 0.09 | −0.19 | 0.91 (0.78–0.97) | 956.19 | 11.66 | 3.41 | 6.63 | 5.60 | 4.86 | 0.08 | 6.86 |
Non-Dominant Leg Position | |||||||||||||
T1–T2 | 74.4 ± 14.3 | 79.4 ± 18.5 | 0.13 | 0.30 | 0.70 (0.36–0.88) | 3458.10 | 42.17 | 6.49 | 12.45 | 12.24 | 9.42 | −0.16 | 13.25 |
T3–T4 | 80.7 ± 16.1 | 83.6 ± 15.9 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 0.72 (0.40–0.89) | 2787.85 | 34.00 | 5.83 | 9.25 | 10.71 | 8.80 | −0.09 | 11.39 |
T5–T6 | 86.0 ± 17.9 | 85.1 ± 17.8 | 0.74 | −0.05 | 0.81 (0.57–0.93) | 2262.00 | 27.59 | 5.25 | 8.29 | 9.51 | 8.13 | 0.02 | 10.87 |
T7–T8 | 90.2 ± 17.3 | 86.4 ± 15.2 | 0.14 | −0.23 | 0.81 (0.57–0.93) | 2105.58 | 25.68 | 5.07 | 7.76 | 8.36 | 7.38 | 0.10 | 9.10 |
Test (kg) | Retest (kg) | p-Value | Cohen’s d | ICC (95% CI) | SSE | MSE | RMSE | % Error | % CV | SEM | MDC90 | SEE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peak Force | |||||||||||||
Bilateral Position | |||||||||||||
S1–S2 | 69.2 ± 14.0 | 73.6 ± 17.9 | 0.37 | 0.27 | 0.24 (−0.24–0.63) | 7092.70 | 86.50 | 9.30 | 18.16 | 19.74 | 14.09 | −0.15 | 17.38 |
S3–S4 | 77.5 ± 17.8 | 75.7 ± 20.8 | 0.38 | −0.09 | 0.92 (0.80–0.97) | 1173.90 | 14.32 | 3.78 | 6.40 | 7.49 | 5.74 | 0.05 | 8.00 |
Dominant Leg Position | |||||||||||||
S1–S2 | 85.7 ± 14.5 | 87.8 ± 17.0 | 0.58 | 0.13 | 0.51 (0.07–0.78) | 4466.42 | 54.47 | 7.38 | 15.94 | 13.09 | 11.36 | −0.06 | 14.84 |
S3–S4 | 92.6 ± 17.5 | 92.3 ± 16.4 | 0.87 | −0.02 | 0.88 (0.71–0.95) | 1309.35 | 15.97 | 4.00 | 6.22 | 6.71 | 6.20 | 0.01 | 8.12 |
Non-Dominant Leg Position | |||||||||||||
S1–S2 | 83.4 ± 17.5 | 88.2 ± 20.7 | 0.33 | 0.25 | 0.47 (0.01–0.76) | 7347.40 | 89.60 | 9.46 | 13.37 | 16.64 | 14.28 | −0.13 | 18.44 |
S3–S4 | 93.3 ± 20.2 | 95.3 ± 16.9 | 0.45 | 0.11 | 0.84 (0.63–0.94) | 2116.00 | 25.80 | 5.08 | 7.72 | 8.22 | 7.75 | −0.05 | 9.15 |
Average Force | |||||||||||||
Bilateral Position | |||||||||||||
S1–S2 | 63.9 ± 12.4 | 69.1 ± 16.0 | 0.22 | 0.36 | 0.31 (−0.17–0.67) | 5429.87 | 66.22 | 8.13 | 19.06 | 18.15 | 12.07 | −0.19 | 15.28 |
S3–S4 | 72.2 ± 15.8 | 72.9 ± 17.7 | 0.73 | 0.04 | 0.87 (0.69–0.95) | 1363.95 | 16.63 | 4.07 | 6.63 | 8.70 | 6.31 | −0.02 | 8.91 |
Dominant Leg Position | |||||||||||||
S1–S2 | 78.4 ± 13.7 | 81.9 ± 14.0 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.64 (0.26–0.85) | 2745.27 | 33.48 | 5.87 | 13.77 | 10.75 | 8.62 | −0.10 | 11.07 |
S3–S4 | 85.5 ± 17.3 | 86.7 ± 15.1 | 0.53 | 0.07 | 0.89 (0.73–0.96) | 1130.45 | 13.79 | 3.71 | 5.54 | 6.61 | 5.70 | −0.03 | 6.99 |
Non-Dominant Leg Position | |||||||||||||
S1–S2 | 76.9 ± 15.1 | 82.1 ± 14.8 | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.58 (0.17–0.82) | 3898.28 | 47.54 | 6.89 | 11.67 | 12.59 | 10.01 | −0.16 | 12.33 |
S3–S4 | 85.5 ± 16.9 | 88.3 ± 15.5 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.84 (0.62–0.94) | 1738.65 | 21.20 | 4.60 | 8.18 | 7.89 | 6.86 | −0.08 | 8.76 |
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Mula-Pérez, F.; Manzano-Sánchez, D.; Chirosa-Ríos, L.J.; Chirosa-Ríos, I.J.; Rodríguez-Perea, Á. A Specific Test of Starting Blocks: Intrasession and Intersession Reliability of Isometric Strength Using a Functional Electromechanical Dynamometer. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7778. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177778
Mula-Pérez F, Manzano-Sánchez D, Chirosa-Ríos LJ, Chirosa-Ríos IJ, Rodríguez-Perea Á. A Specific Test of Starting Blocks: Intrasession and Intersession Reliability of Isometric Strength Using a Functional Electromechanical Dynamometer. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):7778. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177778
Chicago/Turabian StyleMula-Pérez, Francisco, David Manzano-Sánchez, Luis J. Chirosa-Ríos, Ignacio J. Chirosa-Ríos, and Ángela Rodríguez-Perea. 2024. "A Specific Test of Starting Blocks: Intrasession and Intersession Reliability of Isometric Strength Using a Functional Electromechanical Dynamometer" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7778. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177778