Assessment of the Effectiveness of Vibration Therapy and Passive Rest on the Recovery of Muscular Strength and Plasma Lactate Levels in the Upper Limbs after Intense Anaerobic Exercise in Elite Boxers and Kickboxers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
- Minimum of 8 years of training experience
- No upper limb injuries within the past 6 months
- Active training phase during the preparatory period
- Up-to-date medical examinations
- Injuries affecting upper limb functionality within the past 6 months
- Lack of current medical exams
- Lack of consent to participate
2.4. Biological Regeneration and Allocation
- Biceps Brachii: The therapy was applied for 5 min per arm.
- Triceps Brachii: The therapy was applied for 5 min per arm.
- Deltoid Muscles: The therapy was applied for 5 min per arm.
2.5. Blinding and Allocation Concealment
2.6. Study Procedure
2.6.1. Stage I: Preliminary Measurements
2.6.2. Stage II: Warm-Up
2.6.3. Stage III: Baseline Strength Assessment
2.6.4. Stage IV: Isokinetic Strength Testing
2.6.5. Stage V: Muscle Fatigue Induction
2.6.6. Stage VI: Recovery Interventions
2.7. Plasma Lactate Measurement
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Peak Torque Dynamics (PTQ)
3.2. Acceleration and Reaction Time (T_ACC)
3.3. Muscle Work and Fatigue (WRK_FAT)
3.4. Muscle Strength Balance
3.5. Total Muscle Work (TOT_WRK)
3.6. Physiological Responses—Lactate Levels (LA)
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Strengths
4.3. Recommendations
5. Conclusions
- The use of post-exercise vibration therapy with variable amplitude and frequency had a more favorable effect on the recovery of elbow joint muscles in the VT group compared to passive rest (PR).
- Vibration therapy applied after predominantly anaerobic exercise positively affected the time to peak torque, acceleration of muscle function recovery, and endurance.
- No significant differences were noted in the level of maximum and relative torque between the two recovery methods.
- Lactate levels (LA) in both studies were similar at various time points of the experiments but significantly differed between trials in both groups. After anaerobic exercise, LA significantly increased from baseline values and then significantly decreased following recovery.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Average | Min | Max | SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Body Mass (BM) [kg] | 76.0 | 52 | 90 | 9.67 |
Body Height (BH) [cm] | 178.3 | 165 | 189 | 7.77 |
Body Mass Index (BMI) [kg/m2] | 23.9 | 18 | 28 | 2.66 |
Age [years] | 23.0 | 19 | 32 | 5.81 |
Fat [%] | 10.4 | 5 | 21 | 3.73 |
Total Body Water (TBW) [%] | 62.9 | 56 | 67 | 3.04 |
Variables | Average | p | Min | Max | SD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LBV | PR | LBV | PR | LBV | PR | LBV | PR | ||
Peak Torque Right Extensors (PTQ REXT) [Nm] | 56 | 58 | 0.26019 | 32 | 34 | 85 | 79 | 11.1 | 11.0 |
Peak Torque Left Extensors (PTQ LEXT) [Nm] | 58 | 60 | 0.63567 | 29 | 30 | 88 | 88 | 14.9 | 14.7 |
Peak Torque Right Flexors (PTQ RFLEX) [Nm] | 47 | 45 | 0.18479 | 31 | 29 | 70 | 73 | 9.0 | 10.0 |
Peak Torque Left Flexors (PTQ LFLEX) [Nm] | 45 | 46 | 0.85424 | 28 | 30 | 64 | 69 | 9.0 | 10.1 |
Peak Torque to Body Weight Right Extensors (PTQ_BW REXT) [%] | 74 | 77 | 0.05253 | 50 | 59 | 95 | 96 | 9.9 | 9.4 |
Peak Torque to Body Weight Left Extensors (PTQ_BW LEXT) [%] | 76 | 79 | 0.37649 | 53 | 51 | 100 | 109 | 13.2 | 13.8 |
Peak Torque to Body Weight Right Flexors (PTQ_BW RFLEX) [%] | 63 | 61 | 0.17405 | 43 | 39 | 105 | 90 | 12.3 | 12.4 |
Peak Torque to Body Weight Left Flexors (PTQ_BW LFLEX) [%] | 59 | 61 | 0.76688 | 41 | 38 | 86 | 91 | 10.4 | 11.6 |
Time to Peak Torque Right Extensors (T_PTQ REXT) [ms] | 331 | 363 | 0.11361 | 10 | 10 | 440 | 460 | 106.1 | 91.6 |
Time to Peak Torque Left Extensors (T_PTQ LEXT) [ms] | 353 | 347 | 0.53673 | 10 | 160 | 790 | 440 | 116.8 | 66.1 |
Time to Peak Torque Right Flexors (T_PTQ RFLEX) [ms] | 347 | 405 | 0.12209 | 60 | 190 | 610 | 660 | 137.3 | 126.0 |
Time to Peak Torque Left Flexors (T_PTQ LFLEX) [ms] | 364 | 444 | 0.00759 | 50 | 60 | 650 | 760 | 139.0 | 133.3 |
Work to Body Weight Right Extensors (WRK_BW REXT) [J] | 88 | 96 | 0.10068 | 61 | 66 | 118 | 127 | 14.0 | 16.5 |
Work to Body Weight Left Extensors (WRK_BW LEXT) [J] | 90 | 96 | 0.23203 | 62 | 59 | 122 | 130 | 17.5 | 17.9 |
Work to Body Weight Right Flexors (WRK_BW RFLEX) [J] | 85 | 89 | 0.92173 | 60 | 37 | 119 | 135 | 18.4 | 23.2 |
Work to Body Weight Left Flexors (WRK_BW LFLEX) [J] | 87 | 89 | 0.97878 | 57 | 41 | 117 | 170 | 18.9 | 24.7 |
Total Work Right Extensors (TOT_WVRK REXT) [J] | 360 | 402 | 0.01711 | 214 | 194 | 535 | 578 | 78.4 | 92.0 |
Total Work Left Extensors (TOT_WRK LEXT) [J] | 372 | 401 | 0.36831 | 205 | 234 | 621 | 637 | 107.6 | 103.7 |
Total Work Right Flexors (TOT_WRK RFLEX) [J] | 364 | 381 | 0.96800 | 197 | 144 | 553 | 615 | 100.5 | 115.0 |
Total Work Left Flexors (TOT_WRK LFLEX) [J] | 374 | 377 | 0.70304 | 199 | 168 | 598 | 596 | 107.0 | 112.5 |
Average Power Right Extensors (AVG_POW REXT) [W] | 103 | 110 | 0.11749 | 63 | 62 | 145 | 154 | 20.7 | 21.7 |
Average Power Left Extensors (AVG_POW LEXT) [W] | 104 | 111 | 0.41284 | 54 | 68 | 151 | 165 | 26.4 | 25.4 |
Average Power Right Flexors (AVG_POW RFLEX) [W] | 103 | 99 | 0.23974 | 58 | 34 | 152 | 157 | 24.8 | 29.6 |
Average Power Left Flexors (AVG_POW LFLEX) [W] | 103 | 100 | 0.29445 | 53 | 47 | 157 | 156 | 27.0 | 28.4 |
Average Peak Torque Right Extensors (AVG_PTQ REXT) [Nm] | 51 | 54 | 0.17709 | 29 | 31 | 80 | 76 | 11.6 | 11.2 |
Average Peak Torque Left Extensors (AVG_PTQ LEXT) [Nm] | 52 | 55 | 0.38166 | 27 | 28 | 84 | 84 | 14.9 | 14.3 |
Average Peak Torque Right Flexors (AVG_PTQ RFLEX) [Nm] | 44 | 43 | 0.32650 | 29 | 26 | 65 | 70 | 8.5 | 9.5 |
Average Peak Torque Left Flexors (AVG_PTQ LFLEX) [Nm] | 42 | 43 | 0.74334 | 25 | 28 | 63 | 64 | 9.2 | 9.3 |
Acceleration Time Right Extensors (T_ACC REXT) [ms] | 110 | 116 | 0.36894 | 10 | 80 | 160 | 170 | 25.8 | 21.0 |
Acceleration Time Left Extensors (T_ACC LEXT) [ms] | 126 | 112 | 0.99721 | 80 | 80 | 660 | 150 | 91.2 | 17.5 |
Acceleration Time Right Flexors (T_ACC RFLEX) [ms] | 172 | 197 | 0.00947 | 120 | 120 | 250 | 360 | 36.4 | 56.5 |
Acceleration Time Left Flexors (T_ACC LFLEX) [ms] | 173 | 195 | 0.04203 | 120 | 120 | 330 | 570 | 40.4 | 72.8 |
Deceleration Time Right Extensors (T_DEC REXT) [ms] | 238 | 233 | 0.89468 | 140 | 180 | 430 | 350 | 62.7 | 37.8 |
Deceleration Time Left Extensors (T_DEC LEXT) [ms] | 246 | 232 | 0.57064 | 180 | 180 | 460 | 370 | 59.0 | 41.8 |
Deceleration Time Right Flexors (T_DEC RFLEX) [ms] | 156 | 158 | 0.90776 | 90 | 90 | 260 | 240 | 42.1 | 36.6 |
Deceleration Time Left Flexors (T_DEC LFLEX) [ms] | 160 | 169 | 0.38700 | 100 | 90 | 290 | 260 | 39.6 | 39.3 |
Agonist to Antagonist Ratio Right (AGN_ANT RAT RIGHT) [%] | 86 | 80 | 0.01835 | 57 | 56 | 136 | 117 | 17.2 | 17.9 |
Agonist to Antagonist Ratio Left (AGN_ANT RAT LEFT) [%] | 80 | 80 | 0.54263 | 57 | 49 | 137 | 117 | 17.6 | 15.1 |
Work Fatigue Right Extensors (LBV_WRK_FAT REXT) [J/J] | −4.5 | 5.4 | 0.0044 | −31.2 | −34.2 | 26.0 | 32.4 | 11 | 11 |
Work Fatigue Left Extensors (LBV_WRK_FAT LEXT) [J/J] | −3.8 | 5.6 | 0.0012 | −37.8 | −7.4 | 42.2 | 13.8 | 16 | 6 |
Work Fatigue Right Flexors (LBV_WRK_FAT RFLEX) [J/J] | 1.8 | 4.8 | 0.13268 | −26.8 | −13.9 | 20.8 | 24.2 | 10 | 7 |
Work Fatigue Left Flexors (LBV_WRK_FAT LFLEX) [J/J] | 5.3 | 5.1 | 0.24539 | −16.4 | −12.9 | 13.0 | 18.3 | 7 | 8 |
Lactate (LA) [mmol] | 5.2 | 5.3 | 0.91672 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 14.8 | 12.5 | 4.5 | 4.2 |
Relative SBFT Index [bmp/Nkg−1] | 2.42 | 2.42 | 0.74882 | 2.02 | 1.99 | 3.66 | 3.49 | 0.44 | 0.42 |
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Chwała, W.; Mirek, W.; Ambroży, T.; Wąsacz, W.; Jakubowska, K.; Rydzik, Ł. Assessment of the Effectiveness of Vibration Therapy and Passive Rest on the Recovery of Muscular Strength and Plasma Lactate Levels in the Upper Limbs after Intense Anaerobic Exercise in Elite Boxers and Kickboxers. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7820. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177820
Chwała W, Mirek W, Ambroży T, Wąsacz W, Jakubowska K, Rydzik Ł. Assessment of the Effectiveness of Vibration Therapy and Passive Rest on the Recovery of Muscular Strength and Plasma Lactate Levels in the Upper Limbs after Intense Anaerobic Exercise in Elite Boxers and Kickboxers. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):7820. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177820
Chicago/Turabian StyleChwała, Wiesław, Wacław Mirek, Tadeusz Ambroży, Wojciech Wąsacz, Klaudia Jakubowska, and Łukasz Rydzik. 2024. "Assessment of the Effectiveness of Vibration Therapy and Passive Rest on the Recovery of Muscular Strength and Plasma Lactate Levels in the Upper Limbs after Intense Anaerobic Exercise in Elite Boxers and Kickboxers" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7820. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177820