Chaves Thermal Spring Water Impact on Skin Health: Potential Cosmetic Application
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chaves Thermal Water Characterization
2.2. Evaluation of the Antioxidant Capacity of CHAVES Thermal Spring Water
2.3. Skin Enzyme Inhibition
2.3.1. Elastase Inhibition Assay
2.3.2. Collagenase Inhibition Assay
2.3.3. Tyrosinase Inhibition Assay
2.4. Cell Culture Assays
2.4.1. Cytotoxicity Assay
2.4.2. Quantification of Pro-Collagen 1 α1 and Fibronectin
2.4.3. Exposure to Urban Particulate Matter
2.5. Population of the Study of Skin Microbiota
2.6. Measurement of Skin Biometric Parameters
2.7. Collection of Skin Microbiota
2.8. DNA Extraction and Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR)
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of Chaves Thermal Water
3.2. Cytotoxicity Assessment
3.3. Antioxidant and Antiaging Enzyme Activities
3.4. Cosmetic and Skincare Properties
3.4.1. Collagen and Fibronectin Production
3.4.2. Cellular Exposure to Urban Particulate Matter
3.5. Evaluation of Skin Parameters and Skin Microbiota
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chaves Thermal Spring Water | |
---|---|
Physicochemical characterization | |
pH | 6.84 ± 0.01 |
Conductivity (µS/cm) | 2532 ± 2.12 |
Total dissolved solids (mg/L) | 1630 ± 10 |
Minerals (mg/L) * | |
Sodium (Na) | 576 ± 16.91 |
Potassium (K) | 74.02 ± 1.02 |
Silicon (Si) | 37.20 ± 0.34 |
Calcium (Ca) | 26.03 ± 0.46 |
Magnesium (Mg) | 7.62 ± 0.10 |
Sulfur (S) | 4.89 ± 0.05 |
Phosphor (P) | 4.02 ± 0.05 |
Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.04 ± 0.001 |
Manganese (Mn) | 0.03 ± 0.0004 |
Cadmium (Cd) | 0.02 ± 0.0003 |
Enzyme Relative Inhibition (%) | Antioxidant Activity (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elastase | MMP-1 | Tyrosinase | ABTS | DPPH | |
Chaves thermal spring water | 14.22 ± 4.29 b | 0.70 ± 0.25 b | 0.005 ± 0.00 b | 9.09 ± 3.88 b | ND |
Vitamin C (8 mg/mL) | 90.54 ±1.51 a | 96.26 ± 0.31 a | 99.26 ± 0.31 a | − | − |
Vitamin C (0.075 mg/mL) | − | − | − | 91.94 ± 2.03 b | 86.56 ± 0.48 b |
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Pinto-Ribeiro, I.; Castro, C.; Rocha, P.E.; Carvalho, M.J.; Pintado, A.; Mendes, A.; Pedrosa, S.S.; Capeto, P.; Azevedo-Silva, J.; Oliveira, A.L.S.; et al. Chaves Thermal Spring Water Impact on Skin Health: Potential Cosmetic Application. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7911. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177911
Pinto-Ribeiro I, Castro C, Rocha PE, Carvalho MJ, Pintado A, Mendes A, Pedrosa SS, Capeto P, Azevedo-Silva J, Oliveira ALS, et al. Chaves Thermal Spring Water Impact on Skin Health: Potential Cosmetic Application. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):7911. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177911
Chicago/Turabian StylePinto-Ribeiro, Inês, Cláudia Castro, Pedro Emanuel Rocha, Maria João Carvalho, Ana Pintado, Adélia Mendes, Sílvia Santos Pedrosa, Paula Capeto, João Azevedo-Silva, Ana L. S. Oliveira, and et al. 2024. "Chaves Thermal Spring Water Impact on Skin Health: Potential Cosmetic Application" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7911. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177911