Enhancing Performance and Sustainability of Engine Lubricants and Biolubricants by Dispersing SiO2 Nanoparticles Coated with KH570-Silane Coupling Agent
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Dynamic light scattering (DLS): by measuring the hydrodynamic radius of nanoparticles, it is possible to discern the occurrence of accumulation [22].
- Zeta Potential: the dispersion stability of nanolubricants is measured via zeta potential (electric potential at the slipping plane) analysis, where higher zeta potential values (positive or negative) indicate better stability [16].
- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): this technique is used to indicate stable physical interactions between the dispersed nanoparticle and the base lubricant oil, providing insights into chemical compatibility and bonding [25].
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Formulation of Nanolubricants and Nanobiolubricants
2.3. Physicochemical Properties of Nanolubricants and Nanobiolubricants
2.4. Dispersion Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization and Assessment of Nanolubricants and Nanobiolubricants
3.2. Visual Nanoparticle Settling Assessment
3.3. FTIR Characterization of Nanolubricant Stability
3.4. UV-Vis Analysis of Nanoparticle Dispersion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Technical Property | Unit of Measurement | Value |
---|---|---|
Purity | % | 95.9+ |
Colour | – | white |
Particle shape | – | amorphous |
Average Particle Size | nm | 18–35 |
Specific Surface Area | m2·g−1 | 150–550 |
Bulk Density | g·cm−3 | <0.1 |
True Density | g·cm−3 | 2.2 |
Element | wt% |
---|---|
SiO2 | 95.9 |
KH570 | 3–4 |
Fe | 0.032 |
Ca | 0.056 |
Mg | 0.0085 |
S | 0.025 |
Property | Unit of Measurement | Reference | Mistral 15W40 | PLANTO MOT SAE 10W40 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kinematic viscosity at 40 °C | cSt | ASTM D445-24 [35] | 97.3 | 87.0 |
Kinematic viscosity at 100 °C | cSt | ASTM D445-24 [35] | 13.5 | 13.7 |
Viscosity index | – | ISO 2909:2002 [36] | 138 | 160 |
Density at 15 °C | g·cm−3 | ASTM D4052-22 [37] | 0.8769 | 0.8719 |
TBN | mg(KOH)·g−1 | ASTM D4739-17 [38] | 10.5 | 9.7 |
TAN | mg(KOH)·g−1 | ASTM D664-18e2 [39] | 2.2 | 1.7 |
Sample Number | SiO2 (wt%) | Stirring Time (h) | Sonication Time (h) |
---|---|---|---|
1.1 | 0.25 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
1.2 | 0.25 | 1.5 | 1.0 |
1.3 | 0.25 | 1.5 | 2.5 |
2.1 | 0.50 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
2.2 | 0.50 | 1.5 | 1.0 |
2.3 | 0.50 | 1.5 | 2.5 |
3.1 | 0.75 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
3.2 | 0.75 | 1.5 | 1.0 |
3.3 | 0.75 | 1.5 | 2.5 |
4.1 | 1.00 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
4.2 | 1.00 | 1.5 | 1.0 |
4.3 | 1.00 | 1.5 | 2.5 |
Property | Lubricant (Pure) Mistral 15W40 | Nanolubricants 0.25% SiO2 | Nanolubricants 0.50% SiO2 | Nanolubricants 0.75% SiO2 | Nanolubricants 1.00% SiO2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Appearance | dark yellow | dark yellow | dark yellow | dark yellow | dark yellow |
Smell | characteristic | characteristic | characteristic | characteristic | characteristic |
Density at 15 °C [g·cm−3] | 0.8769 | 0.8808 | 0.8819 | 0.8831 | 0.8842 |
Viscosity at 40 °C [cSt] | 97.3 | 97.6 | 98.4 | 99.0 | 99.9 |
Viscosity at 100 °C [cSt] | 13.5 | 13.7 | 13.8 | 13.9 | 14.0 |
Viscosity Index [–] | 138 | 141 | 142 | 142 | 143 |
TAN [mg(KOH)·g−1] | 2.17 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.2 |
TBN [mg(KOH)·g−1] | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 |
Pollution–silicon [ppm] | 65 | 419 | 738 | 1101 | 1365 |
Pollution–sodium [ppm] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Additives–calcium [ppm] | 3045 | 3118 | 3124 | 3084 | 3043 |
Additives–magnesium [ppm] | 71 | 71 | 72 | 74 | 70 |
Additives–zinc [ppm] | 928 | 926 | 923 | 915 | 889 |
Additives–phosphorus [ppm] | 766 | 827 | 798 | 809 | 795 |
Additives–boron [ppm] | 137 | 131 | 131 | 130 | 126 |
Additives–molybdenum [ppm] | 6 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
Property | Biolubricant (Pure) SAE 10W40 | Nanobiolubricants 0.25% SiO2 | Nanobiolubricants 0.50% SiO2 | Nanobiolubricants 0.75% SiO2 | Nanobiolubricants 1.00% SiO2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Appearance | dark yellow | dark yellow | dark yellow | dark yellow | dark yellow |
Smell | characteristic | characteristic | characteristic | characteristic | characteristic |
Density at 15 °C [g·cm−3] | 0.8719 | 0.8733 | 0.8746 | 0.8758 | 0.877 |
Viscosity at 40 °C [cSt] | 87.0 | 87.9 | 88.6 | 89.6 | 90.3 |
Viscosity at 100 °C [cSt] | 13.7 | 14 | 14.2 | 14.3 | 14.4 |
Viscosity Index [–] | 160 | 164 | 165 | 166 | 166 |
TAN [mg KOH·g−1] | 1.7 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.6 |
TBN [mg KOH·g−1] | 9.7 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.9 | 9.6 |
Pollution–silicon [ppm] | 2 | 337 | 702 | 1020 | 1402 |
Pollution–sodium [ppm] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Additives–calcium [ppm] | 1672 | 1720 | 1737 | 1720 | 1761 |
Additives–magnesium [ppm] | 333 | 345 | 353 | 351 | 359 |
Additives–zinc [ppm] | 693 | 690 | 678 | 668 | 658 |
Additives–phosphorus [ppm] | 593 | 596 | 594 | 587 | 591 |
Additives–boron [ppm] | 487 | 472 | 459 | 462 | 476 |
Additives–molybdenum [ppm] | 74 | 73 | 75 | 73 | 74 |
Wavelength (cm−1) | Mistral 15W40 | PLANTO MOT SAE 10W40 | Interpretation |
---|---|---|---|
3649.1 | - | Peaks present | O-H stretching (hydroxyl groups) |
3458.9 | - | Peaks present | O-H stretching (hydroxyl groups) |
3402.1 | Peaks present | - | O-H stretching (hydroxyl groups) |
2729.4 | - | Peaks present | C-H stretching (hydrocarbons or additives) |
2728.1 | Peaks present | - | C-H stretching (hydrocarbons or additives) |
1740.0 | - | Peaks present | C=O stretching (esters) |
1739.9 | Peaks present | - | C=O stretching (esters) |
1707.4 | Peaks present | - | C=O stretching (esters) |
1605.6 | - | Peaks present | C=C stretching (unsaturated components) |
1515.9 | - | Peaks present | N-O asymmetric stretching (additives) |
1464.4 | - | Peaks present | CH2 bending (hydrocarbon chains) |
1456.0 | Peaks present | - | CH2 bending (hydrocarbon chains) |
1377.9 | - | Peaks present | CH3 bending (hydrocarbon chains) |
1377.4 | Peaks present | - | CH3 bending (hydrocarbon chains) |
1305.6 | Peaks present | - | C-O stretching (esters) |
1230.9 | Peaks present | - | C-O stretching (esters) |
1167.8 | - | Peaks present | C-O stretching (esters) |
1157.0 | Peaks present | - | C-O stretching (esters) |
1118.6 | - | Peaks present | C-O stretching (esters) |
1026.9 | - | Peaks present | C-O stretching (esters) |
974.97 | Peaks present | - | Various hydrocarbon-related vibrations |
889.35 | Peaks present | - | Various hydrocarbon-related vibrations |
814.84 | Peaks present | - | Various hydrocarbon-related vibrations |
768.05 | - | Peaks present | Aromatic or unsaturated components |
722.16 | Peaks present | Peaks present | CH2 rocking (long hydrocarbon chains) |
667.99 | - | Peaks present | Aromatic or unsaturated components |
655.18 | Peaks present | - | Aromatic or unsaturated components |
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Piri, H.; Renzi, M.; Bietresato, M. Enhancing Performance and Sustainability of Engine Lubricants and Biolubricants by Dispersing SiO2 Nanoparticles Coated with KH570-Silane Coupling Agent. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7943. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177943
Piri H, Renzi M, Bietresato M. Enhancing Performance and Sustainability of Engine Lubricants and Biolubricants by Dispersing SiO2 Nanoparticles Coated with KH570-Silane Coupling Agent. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):7943. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177943
Chicago/Turabian StylePiri, Homeyra, Massimiliano Renzi, and Marco Bietresato. 2024. "Enhancing Performance and Sustainability of Engine Lubricants and Biolubricants by Dispersing SiO2 Nanoparticles Coated with KH570-Silane Coupling Agent" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7943. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177943