Graph-Analytical Method for Calculating Settlement of a Single Pile Taking into Account Soil Slippage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
- -
- For clays, 0.53;
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- For loams, 0.44.
4. Conclusions
- The interaction of a pile with a soil mass is complex and multifactorial, which is reflected in the graph-analytical method. At the same time, the normative methods of calculation do not fully reflect the actual operation of the pile and the processes occurring in the soil when loads are transferred to them, as well as changes in the properties of the contact zone soils. In addition, piles are designed at the initial stage of non-linear soil behaviour, which leads to underutilisation of the bearing capacity of the pile. The combination of these factors leads to higher construction costs and increased complexity of construction and installation work due to the increased length and diameter of the pile.
- Laboratory tests on the schemes “soil–soil” and “soil–concrete” on the direct shear device showed that the strength of soils in contact with the concrete plate is lower than the strength of the same soil in its natural mass. To the greatest extent, the reduction in strength of the soils of the contact zone is influenced by the technology of construction of structures in soil mass, the type of soil, and the roughness of the solid material. According to the results of the performed laboratory tests, the strength reduction factor at the contact point with concrete was equal to 0.53 for clays and 0.44 for loams.
- In the paper, an improved graph-analytical method of calculating a single pile settlement is proposed to utilise the non-linear behaviour of soil on the lateral surface and under the tip of the pile, the possibility of its detachment and slippage after reaching the ultimate strength of the soil, the change in the properties of the contact zone soils, and the load distribution on the pile between its lateral surface and the tip.
- A comparison of the graphs of the dependence of settlement on load obtained using the graph-analytical and numerical methods showed good convergence of the results. The maximum discrepancy of the settlement values was 12.9%, which does not exceed the engineering accuracy limit of 15%, indicating that this method can be used for calculations. In addition, a similar characteristic of deformation of the graphs is observed, and pile failure occurs at the same load value—2600 kN.
- Verification of the proposed graph-analytical method with the results of static pile testing showed that without the use of the strength reduction factors that reduce the strength of the contact zone soils, the graphs have a similar deformation character, but the calculated settlement values are less than the actual ones. The use of the strength reduction factors of 0.9 for loams and 1.0 for sands brought the calculated settlement values obtained by the graph-analytical method closer to the actual values. This indicates that these factors should be taken into account in the calculations.
- For a more accurate prediction of the settlement of a single pile calculated using the graph-analytical method, it is recommended to determine the strength reduction factors experimentally, either with laboratory tests or static tests of pile analogues, in similar engineering–geological conditions. In addition, in order to use the graph-analytical method of calculation in engineering practice, it is necessary to perform a larger number of calculations and compare it with the results of field tests of piles.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil | Unit Weight γ, kN/m3 | Modulus of Elasticity/Deformation E, MPa | Poisson’s Ratio ν | Cohesion c, kPa | Internal Friction Angle φ, deg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EGE-3 Loam | 19.5 | 16.0 | 0.36 | 22 | 20 |
EGE-2 Sandy loam | 19.6 | 13.0 | 0.36 | 16 | 15 |
EGE-1 Sand | 18.0 | 21.1 | 0.30 | 1 | 30 |
Concrete | 24.0 | 30 · 103 | 0.20 | - | - |
№ EGE | Soil | Unit Weight γ, kN/m3 | Modulus of Elasticity/Deformation E, MPa | Cohesion c, kPa | Internal Friction Angle φ, deg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4, 10 | Soft-firm and very soft-firm loam | 19.9 | 9 | 7 | 20 |
13 | Fine sand | 20.5 | 28 | 3 | 33 |
14 | Sandy silt | 20.3 | 30 | 4 | 31 |
16 | Stiff loam | 19.9 | 28 | 29 | 20 |
Soil | Plastic Limit WP, % | Liquid Limit WL, % | Plasticity Index IP | Shear Rate V, mm/min |
---|---|---|---|---|
Very stiff clay | 45 | 90 | 0.45 | 0.005 |
Very stiff loam | 28 | 44 | 0.16 | 0.05 |
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Ter-Martirosyan, A.Z.; Sidorov, V.V.; Almakaeva, A.S. Graph-Analytical Method for Calculating Settlement of a Single Pile Taking into Account Soil Slippage. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 8064. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14178064
Ter-Martirosyan AZ, Sidorov VV, Almakaeva AS. Graph-Analytical Method for Calculating Settlement of a Single Pile Taking into Account Soil Slippage. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):8064. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14178064
Chicago/Turabian StyleTer-Martirosyan, Armen Z., Vitalii V. Sidorov, and Anastasiia S. Almakaeva. 2024. "Graph-Analytical Method for Calculating Settlement of a Single Pile Taking into Account Soil Slippage" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 8064. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14178064