Feasibility of Non-Remanufactured Waste Bottle Glass as Supplementary Cementitious Material
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Research Significance and Objectives
2. Methodology
2.1. Non-Remanufactured Waste Bottle Glass
2.1.1. Origin
2.1.2. Laboratory Waste Glass Milling
2.1.3. Laboratory Waste Glass Incineration
2.1.4. Waste Glass Properties
2.2. Mortar Study
2.2.1. Mortar Specimen Production
2.2.2. Tests on Mortars
Mechanical Strength
Electrical Resistivity
Water Absorption by Capillarity
Rapid Chloride Migration Test
Accelerated Carbonation Test
Expansion Due to ASR
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mechanical Strength and Strength Activity Index
3.2. Durability Indicators
4. Conclusions and Final Remarks
- The main oxide composition revealed that WG consists mainly of SiO2, CaO, and Na2O.
- A substantial decrease in mortar mechanical strength occurred when WG or AGWG were used as a 10% mass cement replacement.
- The mechanical strength of mortar, including 10% of incinerated waste glass powder, (WG700) achieved the REF mortar levels.
- Electrical resistivity was higher on glass-modified mortars, indicating the possibility of glass powder pozzolanic reactivity.
- The resistance against chlorides and capillary water absorption was similar among all mortars under study.
- ASR was reduced by over 30% in mortar specimens with 10% WG or AGWG as a cement replacement.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | Cement | WG | GWG | AGWG |
---|---|---|---|---|
Density (kg/m3) | 3110 | 2280 | 2280 | 2280 |
Specific surface (cm2/g) | 3742 | 3462 | 3131 | 4779 |
d10 (µm) | 1.42 | 4.45 | 4.57 | 2,92 |
d50 (µm) | 13.50 | 25.96 | 32.96 | 18.34 |
d90 (µm) | 40.52 | 127.00 | 197.00 | 82.83 |
Materials | Chemical Composition (% by Mass) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | CaO | Fe2O3 | Na2O | Al2O3 | MgO | K2O | TiO2 | P2O5 | Cl | SO3 | Insoluble Residue | LOI | |
Cement | 20.33 | 63.31 | 3.02 | 0.20 | 4.83 | 1.91 | 0.73 | 0.05 | 2.85 | 1.03 | 2.28 | ||
WG | 60.91 | 10.78 | 1.15 | 9.63 | 2.54 | 1.07 | 0.92 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.49 | 12.27 |
WG | NP 4220 | ASTM C 618 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pozzolans in General | Fly Ash and Pozzolan | ||||
N | F | C | |||
SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 (%) | 64.60 | - | >70 | >70 | >50 |
CaO (%) | 10.78 | <10.0 | - | - | - |
Cl (%) | 0.16 | <0.1 | - | - | - |
SO3 (%) | 0.49 | <3.0 | <4.0 | <5.0 | <5.0 |
(Na2O)eq (%) | <5.0 | - | - | - | |
Loss on ignition (LOI) (%) | 12.27 | ≤5.0 | <10 | <6.0 | <6.0 |
Mortar ID | Cement (g) | WG (g) | AGWG (g) | WG700 | Water (g) | Sand (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
REF | 450 | - | - | - | 225 | 1350 |
WG10 | 405 | 45 | - | - | 225 | 1350 |
AGWG10 | 405 | - | 45 | - | 225 | 1350 |
WG700 | 405 | - | - | 45 | 225 | 1350 |
Test Standard | Curing Regime | Testing Age | Number of Samples for Each Age and Each Mortar Type | Sample Geometry and Size | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mechanical strength | NP EN 196-1 | Water curing at 20 °C | 7, 28, 56, and 84 days | 3 | Prismatic 40 × 40 × 160 mm3 |
Electrical resistivity | Two-electrode method | 7, 28, 56, and 84 days | 3 | Prismatic 40 × 40 × 160 mm3 | |
Water absorption by capillarity | RILEM TC 116-PCD | 42 days (28 days wet curing + 14 days at 40 °C, until constant mass achieved) | 3 | Prismatic 40 × 40 × 45 mm3 | |
Resistance to chloride migration | NT Build 492 | 28 days | 3 | Cylindrical h = 50 mm, Ø = 100 mm | |
Carbonation resistance | RILEM CPC-18 | 63 days (14 wet curing + 14 days at 20 °C and HR 60% + 35 days CO2 exposure) | 3 | Prismatic 40 × 40 × 160 mm3 | |
Risk of alkali–silica reaction | ASTM C 1567 adapted | 1-day water curing at 80 °C (according to ASTM C 1567) | Up to 28 days | 3 | Prismatic 25 × 25 × 250 mm3 |
Age (Days) | WG10 | AGWG10 |
---|---|---|
7 | 42.2% | 35.2% |
28 | 43.1% | 35.2% |
54 | 41.7% | 37.5% |
86 | 41.9% | 38.5% |
Mortar ID | Sorptivity (mg/(mm2 × min0.5)) |
---|---|
REF | 0.0490 ± 0.003 |
WG10 | 0.0370 ± 0.003 |
AGWG10 | 0.0440 ± 0.008 |
Mortar ID | xd (mm) | U (V) | Dnssm (10−12 m2/s) |
---|---|---|---|
REF | 22.07 | 25.27 | 14.26 |
WG10 | 25.23 | 25.36 | 15.98 |
AGWG10 | 20.85 | 25.00 | 13.50 |
Mortar ID | Carbonation Depth (mm) |
---|---|
REF | 3.58 ± 1.81 |
WG10 | 9.30 ± 1.65 |
AGWG10 | 11.30 ± 1.62 |
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Matos, A.M.; Sousa-Coutinho, J. Feasibility of Non-Remanufactured Waste Bottle Glass as Supplementary Cementitious Material. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 2004. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14052004
Matos AM, Sousa-Coutinho J. Feasibility of Non-Remanufactured Waste Bottle Glass as Supplementary Cementitious Material. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(5):2004. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14052004
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatos, Ana Mafalda, and Joana Sousa-Coutinho. 2024. "Feasibility of Non-Remanufactured Waste Bottle Glass as Supplementary Cementitious Material" Applied Sciences 14, no. 5: 2004. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14052004