Assessment of Sustainability Indicators for Biodiesel Production
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.3. Evaluation of Sustainability Indicators
2.3.1. Environmental Factor (E-factor)
2.3.2. Atom Economy (AE) and Atom Efficiency
2.3.3. Mass Intensity (MI) and Mass Productivity (MP)
2.3.4. Reaction Mass Efficiency or Material Efficiency (RME)
2.3.5. Atom Utilization
2.3.6. Solvent and Catalyst Environmental Impact Parameter (f)
2.3.7. Stoichiometric Factor
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Environmental Factor (E-factor)
3.2. Atom Economy (AE) or Atom Efficiency
3.3. Mass Intensity (MI) and Mass Productivity (MP)
3.4. Reaction Mass Efficiency (RME) or Material Efficiency (ME)
3.5. Atom Utilization
3.6. Solvent and Catalyst Environmental Impact Parameter (f)
3.7. Stoichiometric Factor
4. Conclusions and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Sample calculations for each metric: Assuming: 6:1 ethanol to oil ratio, 1% NaOH, 80 mL of oil, 20 mL of glycerol (1.26 g/mL density), 71 mL of biodiesel (0.9 g/mL density) Find: each green metric for the sample Solution: Weight = volume × density Oil weight = 80 mL × 0.92 g/mL = 73.6 g of oil Ethanol weight = 33.39 mL × 0.79 g/mL = 26.4 g of ethanol Catalyst weight = 73.6 g of oil × 1% NaOH= 0.736 g of NaOH (wt/wt) Glycerol weight = 20 mL × 1.26 g/mL = 25.2 g of glycerol Biodiesel weight = 71 mL × 0.9 g/mL = 63.9 g of biodiesel |
E-Factor: Mass in the process = Oil + ethanol + catalyst = 73.6 g + 26.4 g + 0.736 g = 100.736 g Products = Glycerol + biodiesel = 25.2 g + 63.9 g = 89.1 g Waste= 100.736 g − 89.1 g = 11.636 g = 0.011636 kg/0.0891 kg = 0.13 E-factor = 0.13 |
Atom Economy: |
Atom Efficiency: Assuming: yield = 71 mL biodiesel/80 mL oil = 88.75 % |
Mass Intensity (MI) and Mass Productivity (MP): Mass of final product (kg) = 0.0891 |
Reaction Mass Efficiency: |
Atom Utilization: |
Solvent and Catalyst Environmental Impact Parameter: |
Stoichiometric Factor: Expected product mass at 100% yield= 13.2 + 73.6 + 0.736 = 87.536 g |
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Process Condition | Stoichiometric Factor Ethanol | Methanol |
---|---|---|
4.5:1 | 1.07 | 1.05 |
6:1 | 1.14 | 1.12 |
9:1 | 1.28 | 1.22 |
12:1 | 1.43 | 1.32 |
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Martinez-Guerra, E.; Gude, V.G. Assessment of Sustainability Indicators for Biodiesel Production. Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7090869
Martinez-Guerra E, Gude VG. Assessment of Sustainability Indicators for Biodiesel Production. Applied Sciences. 2017; 7(9):869. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7090869
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartinez-Guerra, Edith, and Veera Gnaneswar Gude. 2017. "Assessment of Sustainability Indicators for Biodiesel Production" Applied Sciences 7, no. 9: 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7090869