β-Caryophyllene: A Sesquiterpene with Countless Biological Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The activation of Gi/o α-subunit inhibits the activity of adenylate cyclase, the enzyme which converts ATP in cAMP (cyclic AMP) and activates phospholipase C (PLC), determining calcium release from IP3 (inositol trisphosphate)-sensitive calcium channels, increasing the intracellular level of calcium;
- The activation of the complex formed by Gi/o β- and γ-subunits, which modulate various pathways modifying the expression and the activity of many target proteins [15].
2. Biological properties of β-caryophyllene
2.1. β-Caryophyllene and Nervous System
2.2. β-Caryophyllene and Cancer
2.3. β-Caryophyllene and Inflammatory Diseases
- Reduce carboxylic groups of protein and ROS in the liver, normalizing the levels;
- Increase glutathione levels and reduce lipoperoxidation [56].
2.4. β-Caryophyllene and Micro-Organisms
2.5. β-Caryophyllene and Osteoporosis
2.6. β-Caryophyllene Toxicity
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experimental Conditions | Effects | Possible Mechanisms | References |
---|---|---|---|
50 mg/kg (i.p.) in Wistar rats (models of Alzheimer’s disease) | Neuroprotective | Decreased NO synthesis; Decreased activation of astrocytes and microglia; Reduced expression of Iba-1 e GFAP | Ojha et al. (2016) [22] |
10 mg/kg in rat Clone 6 (C6) microglial cells | Anti-inflammatory | Reduced production of iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6 and COX-2 | Chang et al. (2013) [24] |
10, 25, and 50 μM in BV2 mouse cells | Suppression of neuroinflammation due to hypoxia | NF-κB inhibition; Decreased production of NO and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) | Hu et al. (2017) [26] |
10 mg/kg in SH-SY5Y mouse cells treated with MPTP (model of Parkinson’s disease) | Neuroprotective; enhancement of motor coordination | Nrf2 activation | Viveros-Paredes et al. (2017) [30] |
0.5 and 1 µM in rat C6 glioma cells | Antioxidant | Nrf2 activation | Assis et al. (2014) [33] |
25 mg/kg twice a day (p.o.) in mice treated with paclitaxel (model of peripheral neuropathy) | Attenuation of peripheral neuropathy | mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38/NF-κB inhibition | Segat et al. (2017) [36] |
2.25–18 µg (s.c.) | Strengthening of analgesic effect of morphine | CB2-R activation; Stimulation of β-endorphins release and µ-opioid receptors | Katsuyama et al. (2013) [37] |
50 mg/kg twice a day in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (model of multiple sclerosis) | Decreased pain; decreased cerebral damage; antioxidant | Decreased production of IFN-γ; Increased expression of IL-10; Increased activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. | Alberti et al. (2017) [38] |
50, 100, and 150 mg/kg of the hydroalcoholic extract and 200 mg/kg of the essential oil from basil in Syrian mice. | Sedative | Rabbani et al. (2015) [39] | |
50, 100 mg/kg of the essential oil from Baccharis uncinella (p.o.) | Sedative | Ascari et al. (2012) [40] | |
50, 100, 150 mg/kg of the hydroalcoholic extract and 200 mg/kg of the essential oil from basil (i.p.) in Syrian mice | Anxiolytic | Rabbani et al. (2015) [39] | |
50 mg/kg in (C57 black 6) C57BL/6 mice (p.o.) | Anxiolytic | Activation of CB2-Rs | Bahi et al. (2014) [41] |
100 and 300 µg/mL of essential oil from Pterodon polygalaeflorus and 30 and 100 µg/mL of BCP in rats | Muscle relaxant | Leonhardt et al. (2010) [42] | |
50 mg/kg in C57BL/6 mice (p.o.) | Antidepressive | Activation of CB2-Rs | Bahi et al. (2014) [41] |
10, 30 and 100 mg/kg in C57BL/6 mice | Anticonvulsant | de Oliveira et al. (2016) [43] | |
30 mg/kg every four hours in mice | Anticonvulsant | Tchekalarova et al. (2018) [44] | |
In HT29 and HTC116 (cell lines of colon cancer) | Antitumour | Dahham et al. (2015) [45] | |
In PANC-1 (cell line of pancreas cancer) | Antitumour | Dahham et al. (2015) [45] | |
2.5, 5 and 10 μmol/L in B16F10 melanoma cells in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6N mice | Reduction of obesity-related cancer risk | Jung et al. (2015) [48] | |
Essential oil from Pamburus missionis (containing also phytolandaromadendrene oxide) in A431 and HaCaT cell lines (skin epidermoid cancer) | Antitumour | ROS production; Increased Bcl-2 Associated X protein (Bax) expression; Reduced B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression; Cytochrome C release in cytoplasm; Apoptosis. | Pavithra et al. (2018) [49] |
In BS-24-1 (mouse cell line of lymphoma) and MoFir (human lymphocytes B transformed through Epstein-Barr virus) | Antitumour | Pavithra et al. (2018) [49] | |
In MCF-7 (breast cancer), L-929 (mouse fibroblasts), DLD-1 (colon cancer) | Increased intracellular levels of paclitaxel | Increased permeability of cell membrane; CYP3A4 inhibition | Fidyt et al. (2016) [13]; Legault et al. (2007) [47]; Nguyen et al. (2017) [64] |
In CT26 cells transplanted in BALB/c mice and exposed to high levels of glucose (model of colorectal cancer) | Antitumour | NF-κB and arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase 1 (ART1) inhibition | Zhou et al. (2018) [51] |
1 or 10 µg/mL + baicalin (1, 10 µg/mL) and (+)-catechin (1, 10 µg/mL) in macrophages of RAW267.4 mouse | Reduction of macrophage proliferation | Cell cycle arrest G2/M phase; Reduction of the expression of Akt, MAPK e p65 NF-κB; Caspase-3 activation | Yamaguchi et al. (2016) [52] |
30 mg/kg in high-fat-fed Wistar rats (p.o.) | Antiatherogenic; Antioxidant | Activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2-R), PPAR-γ, PPAR-α, PGC1-α; Reduction of Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1) expression | Youssef et al. (2019) [53] |
40 mg in Wistar rats (model of bilateral carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion) | Prevention of the effects induced bycarotid occlusion and reperfusion | Activation of endocannabinoid system; Increased PPAR-α expression | Poddighe et al. (2018) [55] |
215 and 430 mg/kg/die (p.o.) in rats (model of rheumatoid arthritis) | Reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation and edema | Radical scavenging; Nrf2 induction; Increased glutathione levels; Reduction of the expression of COX-2, cytokines and NF-κB | Ames-Sibin et al. (2018) [56] |
30 and 300 mg/kg (p.o.) in C57BL/6J mice fed with methionine- and choline-deficient diet (model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH) | Reduction of liver steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis | Reduction of cytokineslevels Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), Nox2 and collagen; Increased levels of SOD2 and GPx1 | Arizuka et al. (2017) [58] |
In the oral cavity for about 10 min | Bactericidal against Streptococcus mutans (tooth decay) | GlucosyltransferaseB (GtfB), GtfC and GtfD Inhibition | Yoo et al. (2018) [59] |
0.1–100 µM in culture of mouse bone marrow cells | Stimulates osteoblast mineralization and inhibits adipogenesis and osteoclastogenesis | PPAR-γ activation in pluripotent stem cells; Inhibits TNF-α and NF-κB in osteoclasts | Yamaguchi et al. (2016) [61] |
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Share and Cite
Francomano, F.; Caruso, A.; Barbarossa, A.; Fazio, A.; La Torre, C.; Ceramella, J.; Mallamaci, R.; Saturnino, C.; Iacopetta, D.; Sinicropi, M.S. β-Caryophyllene: A Sesquiterpene with Countless Biological Properties. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 5420. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9245420
Francomano F, Caruso A, Barbarossa A, Fazio A, La Torre C, Ceramella J, Mallamaci R, Saturnino C, Iacopetta D, Sinicropi MS. β-Caryophyllene: A Sesquiterpene with Countless Biological Properties. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(24):5420. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9245420
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancomano, Fabrizio, Anna Caruso, Alexia Barbarossa, Alessia Fazio, Chiara La Torre, Jessica Ceramella, Rosanna Mallamaci, Carmela Saturnino, Domenico Iacopetta, and Maria Stefania Sinicropi. 2019. "β-Caryophyllene: A Sesquiterpene with Countless Biological Properties" Applied Sciences 9, no. 24: 5420. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9245420
APA StyleFrancomano, F., Caruso, A., Barbarossa, A., Fazio, A., La Torre, C., Ceramella, J., Mallamaci, R., Saturnino, C., Iacopetta, D., & Sinicropi, M. S. (2019). β-Caryophyllene: A Sesquiterpene with Countless Biological Properties. Applied Sciences, 9(24), 5420. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9245420