Two-Dimensional Constellation Shaping in Fiber-Optic Communications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Typical Constellation Shaping Schemes
2.1. Probabilistic Shaping
2.2. Geometric Shaping
- Choosing 2D Gaussian distribution as the optimal source distribution, and select the uniformly distributed regular-32QAM as the initial constellation.
- Generating a symbol sequence following the Gaussian distribution.
- Distributing the symbols into 32 clusters, where the decision is made as per the minimum Euclidean distance from the 32QAM constellation points obtained in previous iteration.
- Finding the average central positions from the symbols labeled by each cluster. Such 32 points located on the central positions are used as the new MQAM constellation points.
- Iterating over Steps 2 and 4 until convergence.
2.3. Hybrid Probabilistic-Geometric Shaping
- Parsing the binary source into nine blocks labeled by unique bit sets {00, 010, 110, 011, 100, 1110, 1111, 1010, 1011}. If the binary sequence is sufficiently long, the resulting blocks should be generated with the probabilities of {P(00) = 1/4, P(010) = 1/8, P(011) = 1/8, P(100) = 1/8, P(1110) = 1/16, P(1111) = 1/16, P(1010) = 1/16, P(1011) = 1/16}. Thereafter, the entropy is 3, i.e., there is no entropy loss.
- Mapping the 9-block sequence to any 9-QAM symbols with the constraints: (i) The 9-ary constellation points with the same probability are uniformly located in the same power layer, (ii) The constellation points with higher probabilities are located at higher power layers. In other words, such 9-ary constellation should be featured with three power layers and 1, 4, and 4 points are equally spaced in each power layer, respectively.
- Maximizing the MI by iterating over all amplitude ratios and phase differences of such 9-ary constellation.
3. Performance Comparison in Gaussian-Noise-Limited Channels
4. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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C [b/s] | H/R | R-32QAM | Opti-32QAM | PS-32QAM | PAS-64QAM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3.33 | 5 | 5 | 4.33 | 4.53 | |
2/3 | 2/3 | 4/5 | 4/5 | ||
4 | 5 | 5 | 4.55 | 5.2 | |
4/5 | 4/5 | 8/9 | 4/5 |
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Qu, Z.; Djordjevic, I.B.; Anderson, J. Two-Dimensional Constellation Shaping in Fiber-Optic Communications. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1889. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091889
Qu Z, Djordjevic IB, Anderson J. Two-Dimensional Constellation Shaping in Fiber-Optic Communications. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(9):1889. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091889
Chicago/Turabian StyleQu, Zhen, Ivan B. Djordjevic, and Jon Anderson. 2019. "Two-Dimensional Constellation Shaping in Fiber-Optic Communications" Applied Sciences 9, no. 9: 1889. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091889