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Article

Sleep-Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder in Young Children with Down Syndrome: Prevalence and Clinical Features

by
Ceren Kose
1,
Izabelle Wood
1,
Amy Gwyther
1,
Susiksha Basnet
1,
Chloe Gaskell
1,
Paul Gringras
2,
Heather Elphick
3,
Hazel Evans
4 and
Catherine M. Hill
1,4,*
1
School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
2
Evelina Children’s Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
3
Sheffield Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, UK
4
Southampton Children’s Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(10), 1326; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101326
Submission received: 28 August 2021 / Revised: 27 September 2021 / Accepted: 2 October 2021 / Published: 6 October 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Disorders in Intellectual Disability—From Bench to Bedside)
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Abstract

Sleep-related Rhythmic Movement Disorder (RMD) affects around 1% of UK pre-school children. Little is known about RMD in Down syndrome (DS). We aimed to determine: (a) the prevalence of RMD in children with DS aged 1.5–8 years; (b) phenotypic and sleep quality differences between children with DS and RMD and sex- and age-matched DS controls; and (c) night-to-night variability in rhythmic movements (RMs). Parents who previously reported RMs from a DS research registry of 202 children were contacted. If clinical history suggested RMD, home videosomnography (3 nights) was used to confirm RMs and actigraphy (5 nights) was used to assess sleep quality. Phenotype was explored by demographic, strengths and difficulties, Q-CHAT-10/social communication and life events questionnaires. Eight children had confirmed RMD. Minimal and estimated maximal prevalence were 4.10% and 15.38%, respectively. Sleep efficiency was significantly lower in RMD-cases (69.1%) versus controls (85.2%), but there were no other phenotypic differences. There was considerable intra-individual night-to-night variability in RMs. In conclusion, RMD has a high prevalence in children with DS, varies from night to night and is associated with poor sleep quality but, in this small sample, no daytime phenotypic differences were found compared to controls. Children with DS should be screened for RMD, which is amenable to treatment.
Keywords: rhythmic movement disorder; rhythmie du sommeil; jactatio capitis nocturna; Down syndrome; sleep; head banging; body rocking; actigraphy; videosomnography rhythmic movement disorder; rhythmie du sommeil; jactatio capitis nocturna; Down syndrome; sleep; head banging; body rocking; actigraphy; videosomnography

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kose, C.; Wood, I.; Gwyther, A.; Basnet, S.; Gaskell, C.; Gringras, P.; Elphick, H.; Evans, H.; Hill, C.M. Sleep-Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder in Young Children with Down Syndrome: Prevalence and Clinical Features. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 1326. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101326

AMA Style

Kose C, Wood I, Gwyther A, Basnet S, Gaskell C, Gringras P, Elphick H, Evans H, Hill CM. Sleep-Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder in Young Children with Down Syndrome: Prevalence and Clinical Features. Brain Sciences. 2021; 11(10):1326. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101326

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kose, Ceren, Izabelle Wood, Amy Gwyther, Susiksha Basnet, Chloe Gaskell, Paul Gringras, Heather Elphick, Hazel Evans, and Catherine M. Hill. 2021. "Sleep-Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder in Young Children with Down Syndrome: Prevalence and Clinical Features" Brain Sciences 11, no. 10: 1326. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101326

APA Style

Kose, C., Wood, I., Gwyther, A., Basnet, S., Gaskell, C., Gringras, P., Elphick, H., Evans, H., & Hill, C. M. (2021). Sleep-Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder in Young Children with Down Syndrome: Prevalence and Clinical Features. Brain Sciences, 11(10), 1326. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101326

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