Objective Knowledge Mediates the Relationship between the Use of Social Media and COVID-19-Related False Memories
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Data Cleaning
3.2. True and False Memories for COVID-19-Related News
3.3. Correlation Analysis
3.4. Predictors of True and False Memory Scores
3.5. Mediation Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Fake News
Appendix A.2. True News
References
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Variables | Mean | SD | Range |
---|---|---|---|
TM score | 1.89 | 0.97 | 0–4 |
FM score | 0.75 | 0.84 | 0–3 |
Use of traditional media | 3.56 | 1.19 | 0–5 |
Use of social media | 3.18 | 1.37 | 0–5 |
PK score | 3.19 | 0.86 | 1–5 |
OK score | 5.20 | 1.45 | 1–8 |
Fear of contracting COVID-19 | 3.23 | 1.07 | 1–5 |
Fear of others contracting COVID-19 | 4.42 | 0.77 | 1–5 |
BDI score | 12.15 | 7.69 | 0–37 |
BAI score | 15.81 | 11.65 | 0–44 |
CET score | 20.78 | 8.99 | 3–62 |
COPE—Avoidance Strategies | 9.48 | 3.48 | 4–21 |
COPE—Transcendent Orientation | 5.68 | 3.35 | 4–19 |
COPE—Positive Attitude | 24.73 | 5.11 | 11–36 |
COPE—Social Support | 18.95 | 5.87 | 5–30 |
COPE—Problem Solving | 21.05 | 4.67 | 7–30 |
Responses Frequency (%) | Source Memory Frequency (%) | News | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
True news | |||||
Surfaces | Immunization | Monoclonal antibodies | Symptoms | ||
I do not remember this | 95 (53.7) | 146 (82.5) | 104 (58.8) | 28 (15.8) | |
I remember this | 82 (46.3) | 31 (17.5) | 73 (41.2) | 149 (84.2) | |
Traditional media | 47 (57.3) | 23 (74.2) | 57 (78.08) | 104 (69.8) | |
Social media | 35 (42.7) | 8 (25.8) | 16 (21.9) | 45 (30.2) | |
Fake news | |||||
Flu vaccine | Serological tests | Masks | Pets | ||
I do not remember this | 136 (76.8) | 143 (80.8) | 166 (93.8) | 131 (74.0) | |
I remember this | 41 (23.2) | 34 (19.2) | 11 (6.2) | 46 (26.0) | |
Traditional media | 28 (69.3) | 20 (58.8) | 8 (72.7) | 21 (45.6) | |
Social media | 13 (31.7) | 14 (41.2) | 3 (27.3) | 25 (54.3) |
Predictors | Simple Regression Analysis | Multiple Regression Analysis | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | t | p | R2 | B | t | p | R2 | |
True Memories | ||||||||
Use of traditional media | 0.302 | 5.230 | <0.001 | 0.135 | 0.243 | 4.253 | <0.001 | 0.244 |
Use of social media | 0.204 | 3.964 | <0.001 | 0.082 | 0.131 | 2.646 | 0.009 | |
PK score | 0.126 | 1.490 | 0.138 | 0.013 | ||||
OK score | 0.188 | 3.868 | <0.001 | 0.079 | 0.135 | 2.940 | 0.004 | |
Fear of contracting COVID-19 | 0.159 | 2.357 | 0.020 | 0.031 | 0.146 | 1.937 | 0.064 | |
Fear of others contracting COVID-19 | 0.204 | 2.149 | 0.030 | 0.026 | –0.017 | –0.157 | 0.875 | |
BDI score | −0.007 | −0.765 | 0.446 | 0.003 | ||||
BAI score | −0.004 | −0.660 | 0.510 | 0.002 | ||||
CET score | −0.009 | −1.129 | 0.261 | 0.007 | ||||
COPE—Avoidance Strategies | 0.013 | 0.605 | 0.546 | 0.002 | ||||
COPE—Transcendent Orientation | −0.021 | −0.949 | 0.344 | 0.005 | ||||
COPE—Positive Attitude | −0.018 | −1.289 | 0.199 | 0.009 | ||||
COPE—Social Support | 0.003 | 0.265 | 0.792 | 0.000 | ||||
COPE—Problem Solving | −0.014 | −0.911 | 0.363 | 0.005 | ||||
False Memories | ||||||||
Use of traditional media | 0.070 | 1.325 | 0.187 | 0.010 | 0.161 | |||
Use of social media | 0.030 | 0.649 | 0.517 | 0.002 | ||||
PK score | 0.072 | 0.980 | 0.329 | 0.005 | ||||
OK score | −0.225 | −5.580 | <0.001 | 0.151 | −0.217 | −5.364 | <0.001 | |
Fear of contracting COVID-19 | −0.088 | −1.499 | 0.136 | 0.013 | ||||
Fear of others contracting COVID-19 | −0.164 | −2.006 | 0.046 | 0.022 | −0.111 | −1.451 | 0.149 | |
BDI score | 0.001 | 0.138 | 0.890 | 0.000 | ||||
BAI score | 0.005 | 0.923 | 0.357 | 0.005 | ||||
CET score | 0.008 | 1.114 | 0.267 | 0.007 | ||||
COPE—Avoidance Strategies | 0.007 | 0.383 | 0.702 | 0.001 | ||||
COPE—Transcendent Orientation | −0.003 | −0.174 | 0.862 | 0.000 | ||||
COPE—Positive Attitude | 0.007 | 0.563 | 0.574 | 0.002 | ||||
COPE—Social Support | −0.014 | −1.321 | 0.188 | 0.010 | ||||
COPE—Problem Solving | −0.006 | −0.456 | 0.649 | 0.001 |
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Scuotto, C.; Ilardi, C.R.; Avallone, F.; Maggi, G.; Ilardi, A.; Borrelli, G.; Gamboz, N.; La Marra, M.; Perrella, R. Objective Knowledge Mediates the Relationship between the Use of Social Media and COVID-19-Related False Memories. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 1489. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111489
Scuotto C, Ilardi CR, Avallone F, Maggi G, Ilardi A, Borrelli G, Gamboz N, La Marra M, Perrella R. Objective Knowledge Mediates the Relationship between the Use of Social Media and COVID-19-Related False Memories. Brain Sciences. 2021; 11(11):1489. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111489
Chicago/Turabian StyleScuotto, Chiara, Ciro Rosario Ilardi, Francesco Avallone, Gianpaolo Maggi, Alfonso Ilardi, Giovanni Borrelli, Nadia Gamboz, Marco La Marra, and Raffaella Perrella. 2021. "Objective Knowledge Mediates the Relationship between the Use of Social Media and COVID-19-Related False Memories" Brain Sciences 11, no. 11: 1489. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111489