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Volume 12
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Review

The Current State of Visualization Techniques in Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery

by
Jakub Jarmula
1,
Erion Junior de Andrade
2,
Varun R. Kshettry
1,2 and
Pablo F. Recinos
1,2,3,*
1
Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
2
Section of Skull Base Surgery, Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
3
Section of Rhinology, Sinus & Skull Base Surgery, Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(10), 1337; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12101337
Submission received: 8 September 2022 / Revised: 26 September 2022 / Accepted: 27 September 2022 / Published: 3 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Outcomes and Preventing Complications in Cranial Base Surgery)
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Abstract

Skull base surgery has undergone significant progress following key technological developments. From early candle-lit devices to the modern endoscope, refinements in visualization techniques have made endoscopic skull base surgery (ESBS) a standard practice for treating a variety of conditions. The endoscope has also been integrated with other technologies to enhance visualization, including fluorescence agents, intraoperative neuronavigation with augmented reality, and the exoscope. Endoscopic approaches have allowed neurosurgeons to reevaluate skull base neuroanatomy from new perspectives. These advances now serve as the foundation for future developments in ESBS. In this narrative review, we discuss the history and development of ESBS, current visualization techniques, and future innovations.
Keywords: skull base surgery; neuro-oncology; neuronavigation; neuroendoscopy; ultrasonography skull base surgery; neuro-oncology; neuronavigation; neuroendoscopy; ultrasonography

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jarmula, J.; de Andrade, E.J.; Kshettry, V.R.; Recinos, P.F. The Current State of Visualization Techniques in Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 1337. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12101337

AMA Style

Jarmula J, de Andrade EJ, Kshettry VR, Recinos PF. The Current State of Visualization Techniques in Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery. Brain Sciences. 2022; 12(10):1337. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12101337

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jarmula, Jakub, Erion Junior de Andrade, Varun R. Kshettry, and Pablo F. Recinos. 2022. "The Current State of Visualization Techniques in Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery" Brain Sciences 12, no. 10: 1337. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12101337

APA Style

Jarmula, J., de Andrade, E. J., Kshettry, V. R., & Recinos, P. F. (2022). The Current State of Visualization Techniques in Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery. Brain Sciences, 12(10), 1337. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12101337

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