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Volume 12
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Brief Report

Safety Evaluation of Employing Temporal Interference Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation in Human Studies

by
Yi Piao
1,†,
Ru Ma
2,†,
Yaohao Weng
2,
Chuan Fan
3,4,
Xinzhao Xia
3,
Wei Zhang
2,
Ginger Qinghong Zeng
1,
Yan Wang
2,
Zhuo Lu
3,
Jiangtian Cui
3,5,
Xiaoxiao Wang
3,
Li Gao
6,
Bensheng Qiu
3 and
Xiaochu Zhang
1,2,7,8,*
1
Application Technology Center of Physical Therapy to Brain Disorders, Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230031, China
2
Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Science, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
3
Centers for Biomedical Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
4
Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
5
School of Optometry and Vision Science, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
6
SILC Business School, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201800, China
7
Department of Psychology, School of Humanities & Social Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
8
Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(9), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12091194
Submission received: 14 July 2022 / Revised: 31 August 2022 / Accepted: 2 September 2022 / Published: 5 September 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuromodulation, Brain Plasticity and Psychiatric Diseases)
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Abstract

Temporal interference transcranial alternating current stimulation (TI-tACS) is a new technique of noninvasive brain stimulation. Previous studies have shown the effectiveness of TI-tACS in stimulating brain areas in a selective manner. However, its safety in modulating human brain neurons is still untested. In this study, 38 healthy adults were recruited to undergo a series of neurological and neuropsychological measurements regarding safety concerns before and after active (2 mA, 20/70 Hz, 30 min) or sham (0 mA, 0 Hz, 30 min) TI-tACS. The neurological and neuropsychological measurements included electroencephalography (EEG), serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT), an abbreviated version of the California Computerized Assessment Package (A-CalCAP), a revised version of the Visual Analog Mood Scale (VAMS-R), a self-assessment scale (SAS), and a questionnaire about adverse effects (AEs). We found no significant difference between the measurements of the active and sham TI-tACS groups. Meanwhile, no serious or intolerable adverse effects were reported or observed in the active stimulation group of 19 participants. These results support that TI-tACS is safe and tolerable in terms of neurological and neuropsychological functions and adverse effects for use in human brain stimulation studies under typical transcranial electric stimulation (TES) conditions (2 mA, 20/70 Hz, 30 min).
Keywords: TI-tACS; safety; noninvasive brain stimulation; transcranial electric stimulation; EEG; TI; tACS TI-tACS; safety; noninvasive brain stimulation; transcranial electric stimulation; EEG; TI; tACS

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Piao, Y.; Ma, R.; Weng, Y.; Fan, C.; Xia, X.; Zhang, W.; Zeng, G.Q.; Wang, Y.; Lu, Z.; Cui, J.; et al. Safety Evaluation of Employing Temporal Interference Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation in Human Studies. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12091194

AMA Style

Piao Y, Ma R, Weng Y, Fan C, Xia X, Zhang W, Zeng GQ, Wang Y, Lu Z, Cui J, et al. Safety Evaluation of Employing Temporal Interference Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation in Human Studies. Brain Sciences. 2022; 12(9):1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12091194

Chicago/Turabian Style

Piao, Yi, Ru Ma, Yaohao Weng, Chuan Fan, Xinzhao Xia, Wei Zhang, Ginger Qinghong Zeng, Yan Wang, Zhuo Lu, Jiangtian Cui, and et al. 2022. "Safety Evaluation of Employing Temporal Interference Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation in Human Studies" Brain Sciences 12, no. 9: 1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12091194

APA Style

Piao, Y., Ma, R., Weng, Y., Fan, C., Xia, X., Zhang, W., Zeng, G. Q., Wang, Y., Lu, Z., Cui, J., Wang, X., Gao, L., Qiu, B., & Zhang, X. (2022). Safety Evaluation of Employing Temporal Interference Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation in Human Studies. Brain Sciences, 12(9), 1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12091194

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