Molecular Study of the Protective Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet against Brain Insulin Resistance in an Animal Model of Metabolic Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Animals and Experimental Protocol
2.2. Induction of Metabolic Syndrome
2.3. Anthropometric Measurement and Tissue Sampling
2.4. Biochemical Investigations
2.5. Histological Study
2.6. Immunohistochemical (IHC) Study
2.7. Morphometric Study
2.8. Molecular Studies
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of LCHF and HCLF Diet on the Anthropometric Parameters and HOMA-IR
3.2. Effect of LCHF & HCLF Diet on Brain Histology
3.3. Effect of LCHF and HCLF Diet on the Expression of IGF-1, IGF-1R, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-5 Expression in DEX-Treated Rats
3.4. Effect of LCHF and HCLF Diet on the Expression of S100B, TNF-α, and BDNF in DEX-Treated Rats
3.5. Effect of LCHF and HCLF Diet on the Expression of Caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 Expression in DEX-Treated Rats
3.6. Effect of LCHF and HCLF Diet on Brain Caspase-3 and S100B Expression
3.7. Correlations of All Measured and Calculated Data in All Studied Rats
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Gene | The Primer Sequence | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|
S100B | forward | 5′-TAG TCC TTG GAC ACC GAA GC-3′ | [87] |
reverse | 5′-CAT CAA TGA GGG CAA CCA T-3′ | ||
BDNF | forward | 5′-CAG GGG CAT AGA CAA AAG-3′ | [88] |
reverse | 5′-CTT CCC CTT TTA ATG GTC-3′ | ||
TNF-α | forward | 5′-AAT GGC CTC CCT CAT CAG TT-3′ | [89] |
reverse | 5′-CCA CTT GGT GGT TTG CTA CGA-3′ | ||
IGF-1 | forward | 5′-AAC CTG CAA AAC ATC GGA AC-3′ | [90] |
reverse | 5′-GCA GCC AAA ATT CAG AGA GG-3′ | ||
IGF-1 R | forward | 5′-GAC AGT GAA TGA GGC TGC AA-3′ | [90] |
reverse | 5′-CCA GCC ATC TGG ATC ATC TT-3′ | ||
IGFBP-2 | forward | 5′-AGA ATG ATG GGG CTC ACG C-3′ | [91] |
reverse | 5′-TTT CTG CTG GTG TTT GGG GT-3′ | ||
IGFBP-5 | forward | 5′-GGG CTC TTT CGT GCA TTG TG-3′ | [91] |
reverse | 5′-ATC TTG GTT TGC TCG CCG TA-3′ | ||
Bax | forward | 5′-CGG CGA ATT GGA GAT GAA CTG G-3′ | [92] |
reverse | 5′-CTA GCA AAG TAG AAG AGG GCA ACC-3′ | ||
Bcl-2 | forward | 5′-TGT GGA TGA CTG ACT ACC TGA ACC-3′ | [93] |
reverse | 5′-CAG CCA GGA GAA ATC AAA CAG AGG-3′ | ||
Caspase-3 | forward | 5′-GTG GAA CTG ACG ATG ATA TGG C-3′ | [93] |
reverse | 5′-CGC AAA GTG ACT GGA TGA ACC-3′ | ||
GAPDH | forward | 5′-TCC CTC AAG ATT GTC AGC AA-3′ | [89] |
reverse | 5′-AGA TCC ACA ACG GAT ACA TT-3′ |
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Control | DEX | DEX + LCHF | DEX + HCLF | p-Value (ANOVA) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI (baseline) [14] | 0.51 ± 0.031 | 0.52 ± 0.05 | 0.53 ± 0.05 | 0.51 ± 0.044 | 0.87 |
BMI (Dex induction) [14] | 0.65 ± 0.07 | 0.76 ± 0.08 a | 0.51 ± 0.034 a,b | 0.93 ± 0.041 a,b,c | <0.001 |
BMI (post-stopping Dex) [14] | 0.72 ± 0.05 | 0.88 ± 0.05 a | 0.53 ± 0.06 a,b | 0.97 ± 0.07 a,c | <0.001 |
Brain weight (g) (post stopping Dex) | 3.89 ± 0.21 | 2.83 ± 0.19 a | 3.76 ± 0.43 b | 2.56 ± 0.17 a,c | <0.001 |
Brain volume (mm3) (post-stopping Dex) | 1.81 ± 0.11 | 1.52 ± 0.09 a | 1.76 ± 0.06 b | 1.44 ± 0.13 a,c | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR [14] | 2.43 ± 0.19 | 4.89 ± 0.39 a | 2.67 ± 0.29 b | 5.76 ± 0.94 a,b,c | <0.001 |
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Bima, A.; Eldakhakhny, B.; Alamoudi, A.A.; Awan, Z.; Alnami, A.; Abo-Elkhair, S.M.; Sakr, H.; Ghoneim, F.M.; Elsamanoudy, A. Molecular Study of the Protective Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet against Brain Insulin Resistance in an Animal Model of Metabolic Syndrome. Brain Sci. 2023, 13, 1383. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13101383
Bima A, Eldakhakhny B, Alamoudi AA, Awan Z, Alnami A, Abo-Elkhair SM, Sakr H, Ghoneim FM, Elsamanoudy A. Molecular Study of the Protective Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet against Brain Insulin Resistance in an Animal Model of Metabolic Syndrome. Brain Sciences. 2023; 13(10):1383. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13101383
Chicago/Turabian StyleBima, Abdulhadi, Basmah Eldakhakhny, Aliaa A. Alamoudi, Zuhier Awan, Abrar Alnami, Salwa Mohamed Abo-Elkhair, Hussein Sakr, Fatma Mohamed Ghoneim, and Ayman Elsamanoudy. 2023. "Molecular Study of the Protective Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet against Brain Insulin Resistance in an Animal Model of Metabolic Syndrome" Brain Sciences 13, no. 10: 1383. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13101383