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Review

Neural Mechanisms of Neuro-Rehabilitation Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) over the Front-Polar Area

by
Koji Ishikuro
1,
Noriaki Hattori
1,
Hironori Otomune
1,
Kohta Furuya
1,
Takeshi Nakada
1,
Kenichiro Miyahara
2,
Takashi Shibata
3,4,
Kyo Noguchi
5,
Satoshi Kuroda
4,
Yuji Nakatsuji
6 and
Hisao Nishijo
7,*
1
Department of Rehabilitation, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
2
Department of Physical Therapy, Toyama College of Medical Welfare, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
3
Department of Neurosurgery, Toyama Nishi General Hospital, Toyama 939-2716, Japan
4
Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
5
Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
6
Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
7
Faculty of Human Sciences, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki 751-8503, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Brain Sci. 2023, 13(11), 1604; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13111604
Submission received: 4 October 2023 / Revised: 30 October 2023 / Accepted: 17 November 2023 / Published: 18 November 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Neurorehabilitation)
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Abstract

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique that applies a weak current to the scalp to modulate neuronal excitability by stimulating the cerebral cortex. The technique can produce either somatic depolarization (anodal stimulation) or somatic hyperpolarization (cathodal stimulation), based on the polarity of the current used by noninvasively stimulating the cerebral cortex with a weak current from the scalp, making it a NIBS technique that can modulate neuronal excitability. Thus, tDCS has emerged as a hopeful clinical neuro-rehabilitation treatment strategy. This method has a broad range of potential uses in rehabilitation medicine for neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). The present paper reviews the efficacy of tDCS over the front-polar area (FPA) in healthy subjects, as well as patients with PD, where tDCS is mainly applied to the primary motor cortex (M1 area). Multiple evidence lines indicate that the FPA plays a part in motor learning. Furthermore, recent studies have reported that tDCS applied over the FPA can improve motor functions in both healthy adults and PD patients. We argue that the application of tDCS to the FPA promotes motor skill learning through its effects on the M1 area and midbrain dopamine neurons. Additionally, we will review other unique outcomes of tDCS over the FPA, such as effects on persistence and motivation, and discuss their underlying neural mechanisms. These findings support the claim that the FPA could emerge as a new key brain region for tDCS in neuro-rehabilitation.
Keywords: transcranial direct current stimulation; Parkinson’s disease; neural mechanisms; the frontal pole area transcranial direct current stimulation; Parkinson’s disease; neural mechanisms; the frontal pole area

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ishikuro, K.; Hattori, N.; Otomune, H.; Furuya, K.; Nakada, T.; Miyahara, K.; Shibata, T.; Noguchi, K.; Kuroda, S.; Nakatsuji, Y.; et al. Neural Mechanisms of Neuro-Rehabilitation Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) over the Front-Polar Area. Brain Sci. 2023, 13, 1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13111604

AMA Style

Ishikuro K, Hattori N, Otomune H, Furuya K, Nakada T, Miyahara K, Shibata T, Noguchi K, Kuroda S, Nakatsuji Y, et al. Neural Mechanisms of Neuro-Rehabilitation Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) over the Front-Polar Area. Brain Sciences. 2023; 13(11):1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13111604

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ishikuro, Koji, Noriaki Hattori, Hironori Otomune, Kohta Furuya, Takeshi Nakada, Kenichiro Miyahara, Takashi Shibata, Kyo Noguchi, Satoshi Kuroda, Yuji Nakatsuji, and et al. 2023. "Neural Mechanisms of Neuro-Rehabilitation Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) over the Front-Polar Area" Brain Sciences 13, no. 11: 1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13111604

APA Style

Ishikuro, K., Hattori, N., Otomune, H., Furuya, K., Nakada, T., Miyahara, K., Shibata, T., Noguchi, K., Kuroda, S., Nakatsuji, Y., & Nishijo, H. (2023). Neural Mechanisms of Neuro-Rehabilitation Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) over the Front-Polar Area. Brain Sciences, 13(11), 1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13111604

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