The Association between Attention-Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder and Autistic Traits with Psychotic-like Experiences in Sample of Youths Who Were Referred to a Psychiatric Outpatient Service
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. The Autism Spectrum Quotient—10 Items (AQ-10)
2.2.2. The Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE-42)
2.2.3. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS)
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Clinical Characteristics
3.3. Association of Autistic and ADHD Traits with Psychotic-like Symptoms
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean ± SD (Range), or N (%) |
---|---|
Age at referral | 18.26 ± 2.06 |
Gender | |
Male | 18 (31.6) |
Female | 37 (64.9) |
Non-binary | 2 (3.5) |
Educational level | |
Middle school | 32 (56.1) |
High school | 25 (43.9) |
Employment | |
Student | 44 (77.2) |
Worker | 4 (7) |
Student/worker | 5 (8.8) |
Unemployed | 4 (7) |
Living status | |
Alone | 6 (10.5) |
With family | 51 (89.5) |
Marital status | |
Never married | 57 (100) |
Offspring | 0 (0) |
Variable | Mean ± SD (Range), or N (%) |
---|---|
Diagnosis | |
Anxiety disorders | 37 (64.0) |
Personality disorders | 11 (19.3) |
Affective disorders | 9 (15.8) |
ASRS total | 3.19 ± 1.86 |
AQ-10 total | 4.12 ± 2.1 |
Cape total Frequency | 2.16 ± 0.48 |
Cape total Distress | 2.39 ± 0.66 |
Cape Positive Frequency | 1.77 ± 0.46 |
Cape Positive Distress | 2.07 ± 0.7 |
Cape Depressive Frequency | 2.74 ± 0.7 |
Cape Depressive Distress | 2.98 ± 0.75 |
Cape Negative Frequency | 2.39 ± 0.62 |
Cape Negative Distress | 2.56 ± 0.82 |
Cape_Tot_Freq Beta (95% CI) | Cape_Tot_Distress Beta (95% CI) | Cape_Pos_Freq Beta (95% CI) | Cape_Pos_Distress Beta (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASRS | β | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.36 | 0.48 |
C.I. | (0.06–0.18) | (0.09–0.25) | (0.02–0.16) | (0.09–0.27) | |
R2 | 0.49 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.26 * | 0.38 ** | |
AQ-10 | β | 0.45 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.32 |
C.I. | (0.05–0.15) | (0.03–0.18) | (0.01–0.13) | (0.03–0.19) | |
R2 | 0.49 ** | 0.40 * | 0.26 * | 0.38 * | |
Cape_Dep_Freq Beta (95% CI) | Cape_Dep_Distress Beta (95% CI) | Cape_Neg_Freq Beta (95% CI) | Cape_Neg_Distress Beta (95% CI) | ||
ASRS | β | 0.46 | 0.55 | 0.43 | 0.51 |
C.I. | (0.08–0.25) | (0.12–0.32) | (0.06–0.22) | (0.11–0.33) | |
R2 | 0.47 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.44 ** | 0.37 ** | |
AQ-10 | β | 0.42 | 0.26 | 0.46 | 0.28 |
C.I. | (0.06–0.21) | (0.01–0.18) | (0.07–0.20) | (0.01–0.20) | |
R2 | 0.47 ** | 0.40 * | 0.44 ** | 0.37 * |
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Fusar-Poli, L.; Avanzato, C.; Maccarone, G.; Di Martino, E.; Avincola, G.; Grasso, S.; Rapisarda, G.; Guarnieri, F.; Signorelli, M.S. The Association between Attention-Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder and Autistic Traits with Psychotic-like Experiences in Sample of Youths Who Were Referred to a Psychiatric Outpatient Service. Brain Sci. 2024, 14, 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080844
Fusar-Poli L, Avanzato C, Maccarone G, Di Martino E, Avincola G, Grasso S, Rapisarda G, Guarnieri F, Signorelli MS. The Association between Attention-Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder and Autistic Traits with Psychotic-like Experiences in Sample of Youths Who Were Referred to a Psychiatric Outpatient Service. Brain Sciences. 2024; 14(8):844. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080844
Chicago/Turabian StyleFusar-Poli, Laura, Chiara Avanzato, Giuliana Maccarone, Elide Di Martino, Gabriele Avincola, Stefania Grasso, Giovanni Rapisarda, Francesco Guarnieri, and Maria Salvina Signorelli. 2024. "The Association between Attention-Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder and Autistic Traits with Psychotic-like Experiences in Sample of Youths Who Were Referred to a Psychiatric Outpatient Service" Brain Sciences 14, no. 8: 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080844