Antioxidants-Related Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), and Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Gene Variants Analysis in an Obese Population: A Preliminary Case-Control Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis
2.3. SNP Selection and Genotyping
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Obese and Non-Obese Cohorts
3.2. Allelic Discrimination Analysis in Obese and Non-Obese Subjects
3.3. Monogenic Risk of Obesity with Each Polymorphism
3.4. Polygenic Risk of Obesity in Association with Gene Variants
3.5. Association of Gene Variants with Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Levels | Non-Obese | Obese | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic Data | ||||
Age, years | Mean ± SD | 36.96 ± 14.7 | 41.49 ± 16.2 | 0.005 * |
Sex | Female | 78 (33.9) | 65 (42.2) | 0.10 |
Male | 152 (66.1) | 89 (57.8) | ||
BMI, kg/m2 | Mean ± SD | 21.36 ± 3.2 | 33.65 ± 3.9 | <0.001 * |
Comorbidities | ||||
T2DM | Positive | 99 (43.0) | 78 (50.6) | 0.14 |
Dyslipidemia | Positive | 26 (11.3) | 35 (22.7) | 0.004 * |
Hypertension | Positive | 27 (11.7) | 31 (20.1) | 0.029 * |
SBP, mmHg | 123.62 ± 18.0 | 126.14 ± 18.6 | 0.18 | |
DBP, mmHg | 72.5 ± 9.95 | 72.11 ± 9.60 | 0.65 | |
Laboratory Data | ||||
Glycemic state | Serum glucose, mmol/L | 5.7 (4.7–6.9) | 6.0 (5.24–7.7) | 0.003 * |
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), % | 6.0 ± 1.67 | 6.27 ± 1.77 | 0.13 | |
Serum insulin, mIU/L | 160 (73.1–324.5) | 220 (86–448) | 0.006 * | |
Lipid profile | Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.51 (1.03–2.3) | 1.58 (1.04–2.5) | 0.80 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.83 ± 0.99 | 4.85 ± 1.07 | 0.85 | |
HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.16 (0.97–1.35) | 1.14 (0.97–1.33) | 0.61 | |
LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.73 (2.24–3.53) | 2.91 (2.19–3.5) | 0.74 |
Gene | SNP ID | Alleles | Non-Obese | Obese | Genotypes | Non-Obese | Obese | Model | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GSTM1 | rs1056806 | C allele | 416 (93) | 270 (88) | C/C | 195 (87) | 119 (78) | Heterozygote | 2.02 (1.15–3.55) | 0.015 * |
T allele | 32 (7) | 36 (12) | C/T | 26 (12) | 32 (21) | Homozygote | 1.09 (0.18–6.63) | 0.05 | ||
p-value | 0.22 | T/T | 3 (1) | 2 (1) | Dominant | 1.92 (1.11–3.31) | 0.019 * | |||
p-value | 0.039 * | Recessive | 0.98 (0.16–5.91) | 0.98 | ||||||
GSTT1 | rs1111875 | A allele | 259 (76) | 159 (75) | A/A | 96 (56) | 61 (58) | Heterozygote | 0.87 (0.52–1.45) | 0.42 |
C allele | 81 (24) | 53 (25) | A/C | 67 (39) | 37 (35) | Homozygote | 1.80 (0.62–5.21) | 0.45 | ||
p-value | 0.86 | C/C | 7 (4) | 8 (8) | Dominant | 0.96 (0.59–1.56) | 0.86 | |||
p-value | 0.41 | Recessive | 1.90 (0.67–5.40) | 0.23 | ||||||
GSTP1 | rs1695 | A allele | 221 (65) | 133 (62) | A/A | 73 (43) | 45 (42 | Heterozygote | 0.93 (0.55–1.58) | 0.46 |
G allele | 117 (35) | 81 (38) | A/G | 75 (44) | 43 (40) | Homozygote | 1.47 (0.71–3.03) | 0.49 | ||
p-value | 0.65 | G/G | 21 (12) | 19 (18) | Dominant | 1.05 (0.64–1.71) | 0.85 | |||
p-value | 0.45 | Recessive | 1.52 (0.78–2.99) | 0.22 | ||||||
MGST3 | rs7744724 | C allele | 339 (96) | 214 (98) | C/C | 165 (93) | 105 (96) | Heterozygote | 0.70 (0.21–2.33) | 0.20 |
T allele | 15 (4) | 4 (2) | C/T | 9 (5) | 4 (4) | Homozygote | 0.00 (0.00–NA) | 0.57 | ||
p-value | 0.11 | T/T | 3 (2) | 0 (0) | Dominant | 0.52 (0.16–1.67) | 0.25 | |||
p-value | 0.33 | Recessive | 0.00 (0.00–NA) | 0.09 | ||||||
SOD1 | rs2234694 | A allele | 338 (97) | 209 (100) | A/A | 166 (95) | 104 (99) | Heterozygote | 0.27 (0.03–2.24) | 0.15 |
C allele | 10 (3) | 1 (0) | A/C | 6 (3) | 1 (1) | Homozygote | 0.00 (0.00–NA) | 0.17 | ||
p-value | 0.048 * | C/C | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | Dominant | 0.20 (0.02–1.62) | 0.07 | |||
p-value | 0.23 | Recessive | 0.00 (0.00–NA) | 0.17 | ||||||
SOD2 | rs4880 | A allele | 191 (57) | 102 (48) | A/A | 58 (35) | 26 (25) | Heterozygote | 1.49 (0.83–2.67) | 0.13 |
G allele | 143 (43) | 110 (52) | A/G | 75 (45) | 50 (47) | Homozygote | 1.97 (1.00–3.86) | 0.045 * | ||
p-value | 0.038 * | G/G | 34 (20) | 30 (28) | Dominant | 1.64 (0.95–2.82) | 0.07 | |||
p-value | 0.13 | Recessive | 1.54 (0.88–2.72) | 0.13 | ||||||
SOD3 | rs2536512 | A allele | 170 (51) | 118 (56) | A/A | 39 (23) | 38 (36) | Heterozygote | 0.47 (0.26–0.83) | 0.033 * |
G allele | 166 (49) | 92 (44) | A/G | 92 (55) | 42 (40) | Homozygote | 0.69 (0.35–1.36) | 0.07 | ||
p-value | <0.001 * | G/G | 37 (22) | 25 (24) | Dominant | 0.53 (0.31–0.91) | 0.021 * | |||
p-value | 0.033 * | Recessive | 1.11 (0.62–1.97) | 0.73 | ||||||
CAT | rs7943316 | A allele | 116 (47) | 52 (40) | A/A | 34 (28) | 13 (20) | Heterozygote | 0.85 (0.43–1.69) | 0.46 |
T allele | 130 (53) | 78 (60) | T/A | 48 (39) | 26 (40) | Homozygote | 0.60 (0.27–1.35) | 0.90 | ||
p-value | 0.18 | T/T | 41 (33) | 26 (40) | Dominant | 0.75 (0.40–1.40) | 0.37 | |||
p-value | 0.46 | Recessive | 0.65 (0.32–1.35) | 0.24 | ||||||
GPX1 | rs1800668 | A allele | 83 (19) | 72 (25) | A/A | 9 (4) | 15 (10) | Heterozygote | 1.03 (0.64–1.65) | 0.77 |
G allele | 345 (81) | 218 (75) | G/A | 65 (30) | 42 (29) | Homozygote | 2.65 (1.11–6.32) | 0.048 * | ||
p-value | 0.041 * (M-H) | G/G | 140 (65) | 88 (61) | Dominant | 1.23 (0.79–1.90) | 0.36 | |||
p-value | 0.07 | Recessive | 2.63 (1.12–6.18) | 0.024 * | ||||||
GPX4 | rs713041 | C allele | 176 (52) | 111 (53) | C/C | 42 (25) | 27 (26) | Heterozygote | 0.96 (0.54–1.73) | 0.97 |
T allele | 160 (48) | 97 (47) | C/T | 92 (55) | 57 (55) | Homozygote | 0.92 (0.44–1.91) | 0.99 | ||
p-value | 0.82 | T/T | 34 (20) | 20 (19) | Dominant | 0.95 (0.54–1.67) | 0.86 | |||
p-value | 0.48 | Recessive | 0.94 (0.51–1.74) | 0.84 | ||||||
NOS3 | rs1799983 | G allele | 254 (75) | 176 (83) | G/G | 97 (57) | 73 (69) | Heterozygote | 0.66 (0.39–1.13) | 0.09 |
T allele | 84 (25) | 36 (17) | T/G | 60 (36) | 30 (28) | Homozygote | 0.33 (0.09–1.22) | 0.21 | ||
p-value | 0.029 * | T/T | 12 (7) | 3 (3) | Dominant | 0.61 (0.37–1.02) | 0.06 | |||
p-value | 0.10 | Recessive | 0.38 (0.10–1.38) | 0.11 | ||||||
NOS2 | rs2297518 | A allele | 123 (36) | 82 (38) | A/A | 23 (13) | 13 (12) | Heterozygote | 1.34 (0.80–2.26) | 0.51 |
G allele | 221 (64) | 134 (62) | A/G | 77 (45) | 56 (52) | Homozygote | 1.04 (0.48-2.29) | 0.25 | ||
p-value | 0.59 | G/G | 72 (42) | 39 (36) | Dominant | 1.27 (0.78-2.09) | 0.34 | |||
p-value | 0.51 | Recessive | 0.89 (0.43-1.83) | 0.74 |
No. | GSTM1 | SOD2 | SOD3 | GPX1 | Frequency | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | C | A | A | G | 0.126 | 1 | --- |
2 | C | A | G | G | 0.117 | 3.05 (0.66–14.14) | 0.15 |
3 | C | G | A | G | 0.191 | 2.95 (1.27–6.86) | 0.012 * |
4 | C | G | G | G | 0.111 | 2.06 (0.35–11.94) | 0.42 |
5 | C | G | A | G | 0.080 | 6.15 (1.46–25.87) | 0.014 * |
6 | C | A | A | G | 0.067 | 0.52 (0.03–8.27) | 0.64 |
7 | C | A | G | G | 0.064 | 0.74 (0.10–5.58) | 0.77 |
8 | C | A | A | A | 0.043 | 5.00 (1.23–20.33) | 0.025 * |
9 | C | G | G | G | 0.039 | 1.85 (0.02–209.77) | 0.80 |
10 | T | G | G | G | 0.030 | 3.25 (1.06–9.95) | 0.040 * |
11 | C | G | A | A | 0.026 | 1.45 (0.16–13.23) | 0.74 |
12 | C | A | A | A | 0.021 | 9.44 (0.73–122.24) | 0.09 |
13 | T | A | A | G | 0.019 | 1.85 (0.02–209.77) | 0.80 |
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Gusti, A.M.T.; Qusti, S.Y.; Alshammari, E.M.; Toraih, E.A.; Fawzy, M.S. Antioxidants-Related Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), and Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Gene Variants Analysis in an Obese Population: A Preliminary Case-Control Study. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 595. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040595
Gusti AMT, Qusti SY, Alshammari EM, Toraih EA, Fawzy MS. Antioxidants-Related Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), and Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Gene Variants Analysis in an Obese Population: A Preliminary Case-Control Study. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(4):595. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040595
Chicago/Turabian StyleGusti, Amani M. T., Safaa Y. Qusti, Eida M. Alshammari, Eman A. Toraih, and Manal S. Fawzy. 2021. "Antioxidants-Related Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), and Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Gene Variants Analysis in an Obese Population: A Preliminary Case-Control Study" Antioxidants 10, no. 4: 595. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040595
APA StyleGusti, A. M. T., Qusti, S. Y., Alshammari, E. M., Toraih, E. A., & Fawzy, M. S. (2021). Antioxidants-Related Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), and Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Gene Variants Analysis in an Obese Population: A Preliminary Case-Control Study. Antioxidants, 10(4), 595. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040595