Phytochemical Profile and Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Gypsophila paniculata Ethanol Extract in Rat Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Plant Extract Preparation
2.3. Total Phenolic Content Determination
2.4. Total Flavonoid Content Determination
2.5. HPLC-DAD-ESI MS Analysis
2.6. Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant Activity
2.7. Pharmacological Studies
2.7.1. Experimental Design
2.7.2. Evaluation of Serum Oxidative Stress Markers
2.7.3. Evaluation of Serum Inflammatory Markers
2.7.4. Evaluation of Glucose, Lipid Profile, Triglyceride–Glucose Index, and Anthropometric Markers
2.7.5. Evaluation of Liver Injury Markers
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Phytochemical Analysis
3.2. In Vitro Oxidative Stress Markers
3.3. In Vivo Oxidative Stress Markers
3.4. In Vivo Inflammatory Markers
3.5. In Vivo Hypoglycemic, Lipid-Lowering, and Hepatoprotective Effects
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Peak No. | Rt (min) | UV λmax (nm) | [M + H]+ (m/z) | Phenolic Compound | Subclass | Quantity * (μg/mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 3.23 | 270 | 139 | 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid | Hydroxybenzoic acid | 114.600 |
2. | 12.78 | 332 | 344 | Caffeic acid–glucoside | Hydroxycinnamic acid | 152.257 |
3. | 13.81 | 350.270 | 727.271 | Apigenin–glucosyl–glucosyl–arabinoside | Flavone | 725.999 |
4. | 14.04 | 350.260 | 581.287 | Luteolin–glucosyl–arabinoside | Flavone | 1264.852 |
5. | 14.24 | 340.270 | 595.271 | Apigenin–diglucoside | Flavone | 1183.805 |
6. | 15.16 | 350.260 | 449.287 | Luteolin–glucoside | Flavone | 166.615 |
7. | 15.51 | 350.270 | 565.271 | Apigenin–glucosyl–arabinoside | Flavone | 244.841 |
8. | 15.92 | 340.270 | 433.271 | Apigenin–glucoside | Flavone | 140.998 |
9. | 16.25 | 350.260 | 463.287 | Luteolin–glucuronide | Flavone | 590.785 |
10. | 16.65 | 350.260 | 611.287 | Luteolin–diglucoside | Flavone | 545.008 |
11. | 17.25 | 340.260 | 773.303 | Quercetin–rutinoside–glucoside | Flavone | 114.044 |
Total phenolics | 5243.804 |
Sample | DPPH (μgTE/mL) | H2O2 Scavenging Activity (μgTE/mL) | NO Scavenging Activity (μgQE/mL) | FRAP (mgTE/mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|
G. paniculata IC50 | 94.31 ± 10.5 | 102.07 ± 20.03 | 76.33 ± 6.77 | 98.06 ± 17.9 |
Trolox IC50 | 11.2 ± 1.7 | 24.23 ± 3.12 | - | 12.07 ± 2.04 |
Quercetin IC50 | - | - | 20.58 ± 3.67 | - |
p-value | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Parameters | Control | SZT | GPEE100% | GPEE50% | GPEE25% | SZT + M | SZT + TX |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TOS (μM/L) | 18.05 ± 3.74 | 42.12 ± 6.23 aaa | 14.02 ± 3.46 bbb,cc,d | 19.13 ± 3.04 bbb | 21.31 ± 2.70 b | 25.02 ± 4.25 bbb | 26.11 ± 1.95 b |
TAC (mM/L) | 1.09 ± 0.00 | 1.084 ± 0.0014 a | 1.087 ± 0.0011 bbb,ccc,ddd | 1.085 ± 0.0003 ccc,ddd | 1.086 ± 0.0011 bb,ccc,ddd | 1.09 ± 0.002 bb | 1.09 ± 0.00 b |
OSI | 16.57 ± 3.43 | 38.83 ± 5.72 aaa | 12.87 ±1.19 bbb,cc | 17.57 ± 3.31 bbb | 19.58 ± 4.93 bb | 22.91 ± 3.87 bbb | 23.99 ± 1.99 b |
MDA (nM/L) | 2.28 ± 0.05 | 3.26 ± 0.24 aaa | 2.24 ± 0.21 bbb | 2.14 ± 0.26 bbb | 2.39 ± 0.17 bb | 2.14 ± 0.17 bbb | 2.25 ± 0.20 bbb |
AOPPs (μM/L) | 126.93 ± 10.70 | 169.27 ± 15.59 aaa | 124.78 ± 29.86 b | 135.72 ± 14.35 bb | 166.48 ± 22.64 | 161.70 ± 26.19 | 165.69 ± 38.15 |
8-OHdG (ng/mL) | 44.81 ± 3.3 | 48.87 ± 3.02 | 45.32 ± 2.13 | 50.24 ± 7.34 | 53.52 ± 2.39 | 44.49 ± 5.34 b | 42.56 ± 3.49 |
NOx (μM/L) | 30.39 ± 5.71 | 60.88 ± 1.35 aaa | 44.29 ± 4.56 bbb,c,dd | 44.20 ± 9.64 bb,c,d | 59.51 ± 4.44 | 57.73 ± 7.96 | 58.48 ± 6.94 |
3NT (ng/mL) | 42.68 ± 7.09 | 62.74 ± 9.70 a | 34.26 ± 2.48 bb,c,d | 48.04 ± 6.49 b | 45.66 ± 6.74 b | 44.39 ± 5.68 b | 64.44 ± 4.95 |
AGEs (ng/mL) | 11.49 ± 1.40 | 13.21 ± 0.38 a | 12.68 ± 0.65 | 11.45 ± 1.14 b,d | 13.39 ± 1.85 | 10.85 ± 1.70 b | 14.20 ± 1.27 |
SH (μM/L) | 324.67 ± 22.21 | 259.67 ± 21.50 a | 417.80 ± 36.19 bb | 373.29 ± 11.12 b | 443.00 ± 43.03 bb | 507.8 ± 149.08 bb | 426.00 ± 40.88 b |
Parameters | Control | SZT | GPEE100% | GPEE50% | GPEE25% | SZT + M | SZT + TX |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NF-κB p65 (pg/mL) | 165.11 ± 33.25 | 306.33 ± 59.84 a | 252.18 ± 43.10 b | 240.96 ± 33.18 b | 253.23 ± 49.34 | 230.54 ± 18.45 b | 222.58 ± 46.43 b |
IL-1β (pg/mL) | 23.75 ± 5.67 | 132.5 ± 35.05 a | 20.62 ± 5.82 bbb | 26.00 ± 2.63 bbb | 23.12 ± 1.78 bbb | 19.58 ± 3.99 bbb | 27.91 ± 3.15 bbb |
IL-18 (pg/mL) | 16.30 ± 2.93 | 59.45 ± 6.16 aa | 0.01 ± 0.00 bbb,ccc,ddd | 4.51 ± 1.74 bbb,cc,dd | 5.02 ± 1.32 bbb,cc,dd | 23.08 ± 2.75 bb | 11.74 ± 2.25 bbb |
Gasdermin D (ng/mL) | 5.87 ± 1.05 | 9.50 ± 1.65 aa | 8.22 ± 1.27 | 7.74 ± 2.41 | 8.01 ± 2.30 | 9.38 ± 1.10 | 6.52 ± 1.35 b |
Parameters | Control | SZT | GPEE100% | GPEE50% | GPEE25% | SZT + M | SZT + TX |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GLU (mg/dL) | 102.17 ± 9.91 | 432.67 ± 36.14 aaa | 382.80 ± 28.73 b | 374.71 ± 83.05 b | 529.00 ± 13.75 bb,cc | 371.60 ± 58.93 bb | 412.5 ± 39.36 |
TG (mg/dL) | 62.53 ± 12.86 | 128.91 ± 8.24 aaa | 82.83 ± 2.39 bb,d | 87.00 ± 12.92 bb,d | 136.02 ± 17.50 | 132.04 ± 4.36 | 116.62 ± 7.53 b |
TyG index | 4.38 ± 0.12 | 5.46 ± 0.11 aa | 5.18 ± 0.28 | 5.19 ± 0.3 | 5.59 ± 0.15 | 5.40 ± 0.06 | 5.39 ± 0.11 |
TC (mg/dL) | 70.24 ± 5.44 | 123.63 ± 6.66 aaa | 101.83 ± 3.91 bb | 89.44 ± 3.40 bbb,d | 100.29 ± 1.41 bb | 95.25 ± 8.49 bbb | 112.36 ± 12.75 |
BW (g) change | 13.33 ± 1.45 | 62.16 ± 4.22 aa | 74.80 ± 8.49 | 64.00 ± 5.37 | 67.00 ± 22.6 b | 59.0 ± 5.19 | 59.25 ± 7.8 |
AST (U/L) | 69.01 ± 3.46 | 157.98 ± 23.86 aaa | 115.12 ± 35.76 b | 106.99 ± 26.90 bb | 190.70 ± 24.04 | 128.13 ± 38.14 b | 137.79 ± 42.05 a |
ALT (U/L) | 63.33 ± 8.49 | 161.57 ± 27.91 aaa | 116.63 ± 20.03 b | 97.58 ± 3.73 bb,c | 160.52 ± 38.32 c | 128.51 ±20.5 bb | 131.07 ± 28.54 a,b |
AST:ALT | 1.11 ± 0.10 | 0.98 ± 0.47 a | 0.97 ± 0.17 | 1.10 ± 0.14 | 1.21 ± 0.17 | 0.98 ± 0.10 | 0.97 ± 0.09 |
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Usatiuc, L.-O.; Pârvu, M.; Pop, R.M.; Uifălean, A.; Vălean, D.; Szabo, C.-E.; Țicolea, M.; Cătoi, F.A.; Ranga, F.; Pârvu, A.E. Phytochemical Profile and Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Gypsophila paniculata Ethanol Extract in Rat Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091029
Usatiuc L-O, Pârvu M, Pop RM, Uifălean A, Vălean D, Szabo C-E, Țicolea M, Cătoi FA, Ranga F, Pârvu AE. Phytochemical Profile and Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Gypsophila paniculata Ethanol Extract in Rat Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(9):1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091029
Chicago/Turabian StyleUsatiuc, Lia-Oxana, Marcel Pârvu, Raluca Maria Pop, Ana Uifălean, Dan Vălean, Csilla-Eniko Szabo, Mădălina Țicolea, Florinela Adriana Cătoi, Floricuța Ranga, and Alina Elena Pârvu. 2024. "Phytochemical Profile and Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Gypsophila paniculata Ethanol Extract in Rat Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus" Antioxidants 13, no. 9: 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091029