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Antioxidants
Volume 14
Issue 4
10.3390/antiox14040404
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Article

Green Tea Pressurized Hot Water Extract in Atherosclerosis: A Multi-Approach Study on Cellular, Animal, and Molecular Mechanisms

by
Rahni Hossain
1,2,3,
Anawat Kongchain
2,
Moragot Chatatikun
2,3,
Wiyada Kwanhian Klangbud
4,
Chutha Takahashi Yupanqui
5,
Hideyuki J. Majima
2,3,
Hiroko P. Indo
6,
Pradoldej Sompol
7,
Nazim Sekeroglu
8,
Atthaphong Phongphithakchai
9 and
Jitbanjong Tangpong
2,3,*
1
College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
2
Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
3
Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
4
Medical Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom 48000, Thailand
5
Center of Excellence in Functional Foods and Gastronomy, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
6
Department of Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City 890-8544, Japan
7
Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
8
Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
9
Nephrology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antioxidants 2025, 14(4), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14040404
Submission received: 21 February 2025 / Revised: 12 March 2025 / Accepted: 26 March 2025 / Published: 28 March 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Diseases)
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Abstract

Atherosclerosis is a persistent inflammatory disorder influenced by oxidative stress and lipid imbalances, and it continues to be a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases. Rich in catechins and flavonoids, green tea pressurized hot water extract (GPHWE) demonstrated potent antioxidant activity through DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, and nitric oxide scavenging assays. In vitro, GPHWE protected RAW264.7 macrophages from oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL)-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis by mitigating oxidative stress and enhancing cell survival. Animal studies using mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) revealed notable improvements in lipid profiles, including decreases in total cholesterol, LDL, the atherosclerosis index (AI), the coronary risk index (CRI), and triglycerides, as well as lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), an indicator of oxidative stress. These results were comparable to those achieved with Simvastatin. Molecular docking studies indicated strong binding affinities of catechins to essential targets such as LOX-1, HMG-CoA reductase, caspase-3, and Nrf2, implying that the mechanisms of GPHWE involve antioxidant properties, regulation of lipids, and stabilization of plaques. The catechins of GPHWE, including epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin (EGC), were tentatively identified through qualitative analysis performed by UHPLC-QTOF-MS. This comprehensive approach positions GPHWE as a promising natural remedy for preventing atherosclerosis and reducing cardiovascular risk.
Keywords: atherosclerosis; oxidized LDL; green tea; Camellia sinensis; pressurized hot water extract (GPHWE); apoptosis atherosclerosis; oxidized LDL; green tea; Camellia sinensis; pressurized hot water extract (GPHWE); apoptosis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hossain, R.; Kongchain, A.; Chatatikun, M.; Klangbud, W.K.; Yupanqui, C.T.; Majima, H.J.; Indo, H.P.; Sompol, P.; Sekeroglu, N.; Phongphithakchai, A.; et al. Green Tea Pressurized Hot Water Extract in Atherosclerosis: A Multi-Approach Study on Cellular, Animal, and Molecular Mechanisms. Antioxidants 2025, 14, 404. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14040404

AMA Style

Hossain R, Kongchain A, Chatatikun M, Klangbud WK, Yupanqui CT, Majima HJ, Indo HP, Sompol P, Sekeroglu N, Phongphithakchai A, et al. Green Tea Pressurized Hot Water Extract in Atherosclerosis: A Multi-Approach Study on Cellular, Animal, and Molecular Mechanisms. Antioxidants. 2025; 14(4):404. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14040404

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hossain, Rahni, Anawat Kongchain, Moragot Chatatikun, Wiyada Kwanhian Klangbud, Chutha Takahashi Yupanqui, Hideyuki J. Majima, Hiroko P. Indo, Pradoldej Sompol, Nazim Sekeroglu, Atthaphong Phongphithakchai, and et al. 2025. "Green Tea Pressurized Hot Water Extract in Atherosclerosis: A Multi-Approach Study on Cellular, Animal, and Molecular Mechanisms" Antioxidants 14, no. 4: 404. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14040404

APA Style

Hossain, R., Kongchain, A., Chatatikun, M., Klangbud, W. K., Yupanqui, C. T., Majima, H. J., Indo, H. P., Sompol, P., Sekeroglu, N., Phongphithakchai, A., & Tangpong, J. (2025). Green Tea Pressurized Hot Water Extract in Atherosclerosis: A Multi-Approach Study on Cellular, Animal, and Molecular Mechanisms. Antioxidants, 14(4), 404. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14040404

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