Vaccines, Volume 13, Issue 6

The 8th meeting of the African Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (AACVS), constituted in 2021, convened by the Vaccine Research and Innovation Unit within the Vaccine Preventable Diseases Program, WHO Regional Office for Africa, was held virtually...

Background The prevalence of obesity is increasing all over the world, resulting in a global health emergency. The impact of obesity on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptom severity, especially among high-risk working populations such as heal...

Background:Salmonella Typhimurium is a major zoonotic pathogen, in which type 1 fimbriae play a crucial role in intestinal colonization and immune modulation. This study aimed to improve the protective immunity of a previously developed growth-defici...

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a key cause of cervical and oropharyngeal cancers. Despite available vaccines, uptake remains low in Romania due to limited awareness and hesitancy. This study assessed HPV knowledge, vaccination status, and...

Background/Objectives: Porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) is the predominant genotype associated with porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), leading to significant economic losses. In South Korea, current vaccine lot-release testing relies on...

Background: The emergence of checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) has significantly improved survival outcomes in later-stage melanoma. However, the efficacy of these treatments remains limited, with around 50% of later-stage melanoma patients experiencing r...

Objectives: Patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are at high risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019. It is unclear whether anti-viral cellular and humoral immunity i...

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered cell therapy represents a landmark advancement in cancer immunotherapy. While αβ CAR-T therapy has demonstrated remarkable success in hematological malignancies, its efficacy in solid tumors remai...

Self-assembling protein nanocages (SAPNs) are distinct natural structures formed by the self-assembly of identical subunits, providing a highly efficient platform and a novel strategy for vaccine development and RNAi therapy. Their internal cavity al...

Background/Objectives: In the Republic of Serbia, measles vaccination was first introduced in 1971, while combined vaccination (measles, mumps, rubella) was made mandatory in 1996 as part of the national vaccination program. Reported prevalence value...

Background: Clinical trials and serological studies have demonstrated that vaccine-induced antibodies can cross-react with some non-vaccine serotypes. However, there are limited longitudinal data on the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV)...

Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a rare thrombotic disorder first identified in 2021 as a catastrophic syndrome associated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 adenoviral vector (AdV)-vaccine administration. It is characterized by the presence o...

Throughout history, disease and epidemics have shaped human survival [...]

Background/Objectives: Rapid development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 was pivotal to controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. The emergency also provided a rare opportunity to test novel vaccine platforms such as mRNA in large clinical trials. Most of th...

Background/Objectives: In France, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) implemented to control COVID-19 led to a significant decline in invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) cases. However, a rebound in cases, particularly for serogroups W and Y, wa...

The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Benchmarking Tool (GBT) classifies regulatory systems into four maturity levels, with Maturity Level 3 (ML3) signifying a stable and effective regulatory environment. As of January 2025, eight African nation...

Background/Objectives: Largemouth bass rhabdovirus (Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus, MSRV) disease causes high mortality in largemouth bass farming. Therefore, vaccine development is critical for largemouth bass prevention against MSRV. Methods: An...

Background: The introduction of biological drugs into clinical practice for the treatment of children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) allows disease control but increases the risk of infectious events. Infectious events cause immun...

Background: Co-administration of vaccines can impact the immune response and safety. We aim to systematically review the current scientific literature and find evidence regarding the immunogenicity and safety of pneumococcal vaccines co-administered...

Background: The Spanish Interterritorial Council of the National Health System (a central government body) currently recommends vaccination against meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) at 4 and 12 months of age for prevention of invasive meningococcal di...

Background: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is major transboundary disease affecting cattle and water buffaloes, indirectly causing huge socio-economic losses. Following its first outbreak in India in 2019, the heterologous Goatpox (Uttarkashi strain) vacci...

Background/Objectives: Understanding the regional distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes is essential for guiding effective vaccination and screening strategies. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and distribution of HPV genotype...

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to explore how HTLV-2 infection affects the production of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) in persons with HIV-1 (PWH) and to assess the impact of boosted protease inhibitors (PIs). Methods: We evaluated...

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated immediate regulatory vaccine approvals to facilitate timely global access. The prevailing differences in economies and resources and the varying maturity of the regulatory systems worldwide resulted in d...

The continuous evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) underscore the critical role of vaccination in pandemic control. These mutations not only enhance viral infectivi...

Introduction: Herpes zoster (HZ), or shingles, is a vaccine-preventable disease with two approved vaccines: the live-attenuated vaccine (LZV) and the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV). Evidence on the immunogenicity and adverse events (AEs)...

Background: Influenza poses a significant threat to the health of Malaysians, particularly among the elderly population. It results in high levels of illness and mortality, becoming a financial burden on the government. Vaccination is widely recognis...

Introduction: An effective vaccination strategy requires monitoring serotype changes by geography and age. This study analyzed Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in healthy children under 6 years of age vaccinated with PCV10 in Bulgaria from October...

Background/Objectives: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), has rapidly evolved, giving rise to multiple Variants of Concern—including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delt...

Background: Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a major human pathogen associated with serious diseases. Evaluating immune responses against GAS vaccines—immunogenicity, quality, and efficacy—is complicated by interference from co-infections,...

Background/Objective: Virus-based vaccine vectors have been widely utilised in commercial vaccines, predominantly for virus infections. They also offer promise for bacterial diseases, for which many vaccines are sub-optimal or ineffective. It is well...

Background/objectives: Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen that poses a serious threat to immunocompromised individuals. The increasing prevalence of fluconazole-resistant strains presents a critical clinical challenge, emphasizing the u...

Background/Objectives:Cancer vaccine targets mostly include mutations and overexpressed proteins. However, cancer-associated post-translational modifications (PTMs) may also induce immune responses. Previously, our group established the enzyme protei...

Background/Objectives: Developing next-generation mRNA-based seasonal influenza vaccines remains challenging, primarily because of the relatively low immunogenicity of influenza B hemagglutinin (HA) antigens. We describe a systematic vaccine developm...

Background/Objectives: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) were first introduced in the pediatric UK National Immunization Programme (NIP) in 2006 and subsequently led to a significant decline in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). In 2020, the U...

Background/Objectives: A preventative vaccine against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and disease remains an unmet medical need. Several attenuated virus and antigen-based HCMV vaccine candidates have been proposed; however, development challe...

Background: The transmembrane fusion (F) protein of RSV plays important roles in RSV pathogenesis as it mediates the fusion between the virus and the target cell membrane. During the fusion process, the F protein transits from a metastable state (pre...

Background/Objectives: Influenza vaccination plays a crucial role in reducing morbidity and mortality among older adults; however, uptake remains suboptimal, particularly in the post-COVID-19 pandemic. In many settings, countries have not recovered t...

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) poses a significant health burden in children, being the major cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), including bronchiolitis. During the 2023–2024 RSV season, Spain introduced nirsevima...

Background: Thimerosal has been widely used as a preservative to prevent microbial growth in medications and vaccines. However, in 1999 its removal from vaccine formulations was called for due to concerns about its potential side effects on humans, w...

Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection poses a significant health risk across diverse demographic groups, particularly among pregnant women, immunocompromised individuals, patients with chronic liver disease, and the elderly. The global epidem...

Background/Objectives:H5N1 influenza viruses are spreading worldwide and threaten global public health. Preparedness is necessary to mitigate the worst-case scenario should an H5N1 influenza pandemic occur and justify the development of vaccines agai...

Background: The prevalence of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is increasing in Europe and North America. Most pulmonary NTM cases are caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). The treatment of pulmonary MAC is suboptimal with failure r...

Background/Objectives: Vaccine hesitancy is one of the top ten threats to global health. It is necessary to develop appropriate strategies to address vaccine hesitancy. This systematic review aimed to analyze strategies used to improve the acceptance...

Background: Childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) often experience impaired humoral immunity because of cancer treatments that increase their susceptibility to vaccine-preventable diseases. This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of tetanus and rub...

Background/Objectives: The emergence of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR A. baumannii) as a leading cause of fatal hospital-acquired infections underscores the urgent need for effective vaccines. While oral vaccines using live Bacillu...

Background/Objectives: Q-VAX vaccine, approved in Australia, prevents Q fever. However, individuals with prior Coxiella burnetii (Cb) infection have an increased risk of adverse reactions, requiring pre-vaccination screening by an intradermal hyperse...

Background: canine distemper (CD) is a highly contagious and fatal disease caused by canine distemper virus (CDV), posing a significant threat to carnivores. New CDV strain circulation and multi-species infection may lead to the potential dilemma of...

The goal of this Special Issue, “Understanding and Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy”, is to examine the current state of knowledge concerning the major causes and influences of vaccine hesitancy, as well as to suggest evidence-based solutions...

Despite the use of direct-acting antiviral medications to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV), over a million people are newly infected each year, highlighting the need for a prophylactic vaccine. Due to the remarkable genetic diversity of HCV and its many...