Motor Coordination and Global Development in Subjects with Down Syndrome: The Influence of Physical Activity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Motor Development and Down Syndrome
1.2. Benefits of Physical Activity
1.3. Aim of the Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Procedure
2.1.1. Participants Recruitment
2.1.2. Participants Characteristics
2.1.3. Participants Allocation
2.1.4. Motor Coordination Test Selection
2.1.5. Motor Coordination Evaluation
2.1.6. Global Development Evaluation
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strength and Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Min | 25th p | Median | Mean | SD | 75th p | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M-ABC | |||||||
Manual dexterity | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.72 | 2.39 | 3.0 | 14.0 |
Aiming and catching | 2.0 | 6.0 | 9.0 | 9.16 | 3.85 | 12.0 | 16.0 |
Static and dynamic balance | 5.0 | 5.50 | 8.0 | 9.17 | 5.06 | 10.0 | 26.0 |
Global motor coordination | 14.0 | 15.50 | 21.0 | 22.25 | 8.21 | 25.0 | 41.0 |
DP-3 | |||||||
Physical area | 0.11 | 2.36 | 4.11 | 4.24 | 2.21 | 7.0 | 7.70 |
Adaptive behavior area | 1.80 | 4.50 | 6.50 | 6.66 | 2.76 | 8.65 | 12.60 |
Social-emotional area | 1.80 | 3.05 | 4.10 | 5.14 | 2.84 | 7.16 | 10.80 |
Cognitive area | 1.40 | 4.0 | 4.80 | 4.93 | 1.68 | 5.86 | 8.20 |
Communication area | 1.10 | 2.80 | 4.10 | 4.49 | 2.47 | 5.31 | 10.20 |
Global development | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 38.40 | 21.46 | 51.0 | 101.0 |
Variable | PA-G Means ± SD | PI-G Means ± SD |
---|---|---|
M-ABC | ||
Manual dexterity | 3.73 ± 2.84 | 3.70 ± 1.64 |
Aiming and catching | 10.53 ± 4.09 | 7.10 ± 2.38 |
Static and dynamic balance | 10.57 ± 6.07 | 7.20 ± 2.20 |
Global motor coordination | 25.50 ± 8.57 | 17.70 ± 5.17 |
DP-3 | ||
Physical area | 5.00 ± 2.05 | 3.18 ± 2.07 |
Adaptive behavior area | 7.21 ± 2.73 | 5.88 ± 2.74 |
Social-emotional area | 5.93 ± 3.21 | 4.02 ± 1.86 |
Cognitive area | 5.02 ± 1.65 | 4.81 ± 1.81 |
Communication area | 4.77 ± 2.50 | 4.10 ± 2.50 |
Global development | 42.07 ± 23.81 | 32.90 ± 17.03 |
M-ABC | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manual Dexterity | Aiming and Catching | Static and Dynamic Balance | Global Motor Coordination | ||
DP-3 | Physical area | ρ = 0.23, p = 0.138 | ρ = 0.32, p = 0.06 | ρ = 0.10, p = 0.320 | ρ = 0.31, p = 0.078 |
Adaptive behavior area | ρ = 0.20, p = 0.176 | ρ = 0.41, p = 0.023 | ρ = 0.24, p = 0.135 | ρ = 0.43, p = 0.021 | |
Social-emotional area | ρ = 0.15, p = 0.243 | ρ = 0.34, p = 0.05 | ρ = 0.06, p = 0.391 | ρ = 0.24, p = 0.131 | |
Cognitive area | ρ = 0.17, p = 0.213 | ρ = 0.10, p = 0.327 | ρ = 0.04, p = 0.422 | ρ = 0.09, p = 0.340 | |
Communication area | ρ = 0.23, p = 0.136 | ρ = 0.34, p = 0.05 | ρ = −0.02, p = 0.467 | ρ = 0.25, p = 0.122 | |
Global development | ρ = 0.34, p = 0.05 | ρ = 0.50, p = 0.006 | ρ = 0.29, p = 0.081 | ρ = 0.56, p = 0.002 |
Variable | Rank Sum PA-G | Rank Sum PI-G | Z | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
M-ABC | ||||
Manual dexterity | 186.0 | 139.0 | −0.835 | 0.404 |
Aiming and catching | 235.0 | 90.0 | 2.248 | 0.025 |
Static and dynamic balance | 197.50 | 102.50 | 1.304 | 0.192 |
Global motor coordination | 218.0 | 82.0 | 2.504 | 0.012 |
DP-3 | ||||
Physical area | 209.0 | 91.0 | 1.980 | 0.048 |
Adaptive behavior area | 196.0 | 104.0 | 1.204 | 0.223 |
Social-emotional area | 199.50 | 100.50 | 1.409 | 0.159 |
Cognitive area | 175.50 | 124.50 | 0.000 | 0.775 |
Communication area | 187.0 | 113.0 | 0.676 | 0.527 |
Global development | 222.0 | 103.0 | 1.618 | 0.106 |
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Alesi, M.; Giustino, V.; Gentile, A.; Gómez-López, M.; Battaglia, G. Motor Coordination and Global Development in Subjects with Down Syndrome: The Influence of Physical Activity. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 5031. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11175031
Alesi M, Giustino V, Gentile A, Gómez-López M, Battaglia G. Motor Coordination and Global Development in Subjects with Down Syndrome: The Influence of Physical Activity. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(17):5031. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11175031
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlesi, Marianna, Valerio Giustino, Ambra Gentile, Manuel Gómez-López, and Giuseppe Battaglia. 2022. "Motor Coordination and Global Development in Subjects with Down Syndrome: The Influence of Physical Activity" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 17: 5031. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11175031
APA StyleAlesi, M., Giustino, V., Gentile, A., Gómez-López, M., & Battaglia, G. (2022). Motor Coordination and Global Development in Subjects with Down Syndrome: The Influence of Physical Activity. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(17), 5031. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11175031