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28 September 2022

Comparative Study of Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastritis in Okinawa and Tokyo Based on the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis

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1
Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
2
Medical Technology Innovation Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
3
Department of Gastroenterology, Okinawa Prefectural Hokubu Hospital, 2-12-3 Oonaka, Nagoshi 905-8512, Japan
4
Department of Gastroenterology, Northern Okinawa Medical Center, 1712-3 Umusa, Nagoshi 905-8611, Japan
J. Clin. Med.2022, 11(19), 5739;https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11195739
This article belongs to the Special Issue Helicobacter pylori Infection and Related Diseases: Clinical Updates and Perspectives
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Abstract

The incidence of gastric cancer in Okinawa Prefecture is the lowest in Japan, which is attributed to differences in strains of Helicobacter pylori in Okinawa and other prefectures in Japan. Our aim was to compare the endoscopic findings of H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa in Okinawa and Tokyo. Patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGI) at Northern Okinawa Medical Center (Okinawa group) and Juntendo University Hospital (Tokyo group) from April 2019 to March 2020 were included. Patients diagnosed with H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa were retrospectively compared between the Okinawa and Tokyo groups according to the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis. The numbers of subjects (Okinawa/Tokyo) were 435/352, male/female ratio was 247:188/181:171, and age was 53.3 ± 14.7/64.6 ± 14.3 (mean ± standard deviation) years. Regarding the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis, the prevalence (Okinawa/Tokyo) of the closed type of atrophic gastritis was 73%/37% (p < 0.001), diffuse redness 80%/84% (p = 0.145), mucosal swelling 46%/46% (p = 0.991), enlarged fold 26%/32% (p = 0.048), spotty redness 77%/68% (p = 0.002), sticky mucus 17%/36% (p < 0.001), and intestinal metaplasia 32%/42% (p < 0.001). Age analysis also revealed that closed-type atrophy and spotty redness were more frequent in the Okinawa group than in the Tokyo group. There may be regional differences in endoscopic findings of H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa between Okinawa and Tokyo.

1. Introduction

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is known to be an important pathogenic factor for gastric cancer [1,2,3,4]. The incidence of gastric cancer is generally higher in East Asia, while it is lower in North America, Northern Europe, and Africa, suggesting regional differences throughout the world [5]. The prevalence of H. pylori in Okinawa is not significantly different from that in other regions of Japan [1,6,7]. However, the age-standardized incidence rate of gastric cancer in Japan is 43.1%, while the rate in Okinawa is 20.4%, the lowest age-standardized incidence rate among prefectures in Japan [8]. Even within Japan, regional differences are recognized. This may be due to differences in the cagA gene of H. pylori [9,10,11,12]. Regional differences and polymorphisms in H. pylori genotypes also differ in their influence as virulence factors, which has been studied in recent years as one of the factors contributing to regional differences in gastric cancer incidence.
In addition, in routine endoscopic practice, the risk of gastric cancer is approximately 20 times higher in H. pylori-infected patients than in H. pylori-uninfected patients [13], and it is important to determine the H. pylori infection status from the background mucosa. Therefore, in 2014, the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis was published to systematically summarize the findings of H. pylori-associated gastritis for the first time [14]. The English version was published in 2017, and the second edition with new findings was published in 2018 [15,16]. Many Japanese studies have evaluated the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis, but recently some reports have confirmed its usefulness in European countries [17]. The Kyoto Classification of Gastritis allows efficient evaluation of gastric cancer risk based on the state of the background mucosa with 19 endoscopic findings. In particular, diffuse redness, mucosal swelling, enlarged fold, sticky mucus, and spotty redness are considered findings suggestive of H. pylori infection [14,15,16,18,19,20,21,22].
Although differences in gastric cancer incidence rates and strains of H. pylori are observed between Okinawa and other regions of Japan, there have been no reports comparing gastritis findings in Okinawa with those in other regions of Japan. The purpose of this study was to clarify the differences and characteristics of endoscopic findings of H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa between Okinawa and Tokyo on the mainland of Japan.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Patients

Patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGI) at Northern Okinawa Medical Center (Okinawa Group) and Juntendo University Hospital (Tokyo Group) from April 2019 to March 2020 were included in this retrospective study. Inclusion criteria were patients who were 18 years old or older, and who were infected with H. pylori at the time of UGI. Patients were considered to be infected with H. pylori when at least one of the urea breath tests with cutoff value of 2.5 per 1000, serum H. pylori antibody test with cutoff value of 10 U/mL (E-plate; Eiken Chemical, Tokyo, Japan), and stool H. pylori antigen test was positive from April 2017 to March 2020.
Exclusion criteria were patients who had undergone gastrectomy, those whose mucosa was poorly observed due to food residues, those who did not have pure H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa due to coexistence of liver cirrhosis and/or autoimmune gastritis, and those who had undergone H. pylori eradication. This retrospective study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Northern Okinawa Medical Center (2019-5) and the Ethics Committee of Juntendo University Hospital (E21-0335-H01). Patient consent was waived because the design of this study was a retrospective clinical documentation study.

2.2. Methods

This retrospective cross-sectional study investigated the endoscopic findings of patients with H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa according to the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis in Okinawa and Tokyo. Six expert endoscopists in Tokyo and two expert endoscopists in Okinawa who each have performed more than 1500 UGIs, independently and retrospectively reviewed all photographs of endoscopic examinations performed at the Okinawa and Tokyo hospitals during the study period, and evaluated the endoscopic findings in the photographs according to the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis [14,15,16]. Regarding atrophy, the Kimura-Takemoto classification [23] was used to evaluate the degree of spread of gastric mucosal atrophy. C-1, C-2, and C-3 were classified as the closed type of atrophy, and O-1, O-2, and O-3 as the open type.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

All data on patients’ background characteristics and endoscopic findings according to the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis in each group were expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and as the number (percentage) for categorical variables. The prevalence of each characteristic was examined using the t-test, chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, with p < 0.05 being considered statistically significant. In addition, the number of gastric cancer cases in patients over 65 years of age has been increasing in Japan [8]. Therefore, in order to analyze the risk of gastric cancer and age changes, we conducted subgroup analyses in patients under 65 years of age and in patients 65 years of age or older. We compared the distribution of endoscopic features in the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis between the patients in Tokyo and patients in Okinawa using the logistic regression model adjusting for age and sex. All analyses were conducted using SAS software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Odds ratio (OR) value was presented with the 95% confidence interval (CI). All tests were two-sided and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

3. Results

3.1. Patients Studied

Patient flow is shown in Figure 1. During the study period, 7261 patients at the hospital in Tokyo and 3159 patients at the hospital in Okinawa underwent UGI and had been tested for H. pylori. Of these, 390 patients were 18 years of age or older and infected with H. pylori at the hospital in Tokyo, and 437 patients were 18 years of age or older and infected with H. pylori at the hospital in Okinawa. Based on the exclusion criteria, 38 cases at the hospital in Tokyo (6 patients after gastrectomy, 8 patients with liver cirrhosis, 11 foreigners, 1 patient with autoimmune gastritis, 3 patients with insufficient observation of the gastric mucosa, and 9 patients after H. pylori eradication) and 2 cases at the hospital in Okinawa (2 patients with liver cirrhosis) were excluded. Therefore, the Tokyo group included 352 cases and the Okinawa group included 435 cases. The mean (± standard deviation) age of the 352 patients in the Tokyo group and the 435 patients in the Okinawa group was 64.6 ± 14.3 and 53.3 ± 14.7, respectively (p < 0.001). There was no difference in sex distribution (male/female) between the Tokyo group (181/171) and the Okinawa group (247/188) (p = 0.133) (Table 1). The numbers of patients under 65 years old (Tokyo/Okinawa group) were 156/327 patients and the numbers of patients 65 years old or older (Tokyo/Okinawa group) were 196/108 patients (Table 2).
Figure 1. Flow diagram of the patients.
Table 1. Baseline characteristics.
Table 2. Baseline characteristics of the patients under 65 years old and patients 65 years old or older.

3.2. Endoscopic Findings of H. pylori Gastritis Based on the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis

Typical endoscopic findings in the Tokyo and Okinawa groups are shown in Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4.
Figure 2. Typical endoscopic images of H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa in the Tokyo group. The patient is a 75-year-old woman. O-1 atrophy is observed, with diffuse redness, spotty redness, and mucosal swelling. Overall, it has a reddish tint.
Figure 3. Typical endoscopic images of H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa in the Okinawa group. This patient is an 83-year-old woman. O-2 atrophy is observed, and there are only a few findings of H. pylori infection. Mild spotty redness on the posterior wall of the gastric body is observed.
Figure 4. Typical endoscopic images of H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa in the Okinawa group. This patient is a 46-year-old woman. C-1 atrophy is observed, and there are few findings of H. pylori infection.
Closed-type atrophy was more common in the Okinawa group than in the Tokyo group [318/435 (73.1%) vs. 131/352 (37.2%)] (p < 0.001). Diffuse redness, mucosal swelling, enlarged fold, spotty redness, and sticky mucus are the findings of H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa. The following characteristics were significantly more common in the Tokyo group than in the Okinawa group: enlarged fold [114/352 (32.4%) vs. 113/435 (26.0%), p = 0.048], sticky mucus [125/352 (35.5%) vs. 73/435 (16.8%), p < 0.001], foveolar-hyperplastic polyp [50/352 (14.2%) vs. 39/435 (8.97%), p = 0.021], intestinal metaplasia [147/352 (41.8%) vs. 142/435 (32.6%), p = 0.007], and xanthoma [33/352 (9.38%) vs. 20/435 (4.60%), p < 0.001]. The following characteristics were significantly less common in the Tokyo group than in the Okinawa group: spotty redness [239/352 (67.9%) vs. 338/435 (77.7%), p = 0.002], patchy redness [29/352 (8.24%) vs. 59/435 (13.6%), p = 0.018], and hematin [6/352 (1.70%) vs. 28/435 (6.44%), p = 0.001] (Table 3).
Table 3. Comparison of endoscopic findings according to the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis between the Tokyo and Okinawa groups.

3.3. Age Analysis

Among patients with H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa under 65 years of age, closed-type atrophy was more common in the Okinawa group than in the Tokyo group [270/327 (82.6%) vs. 82/156 (52.6%), p < 0.001]. Similar to the results of the main analysis, enlarged fold [51/156 (32.7%) vs. 76/327(23.2%), Tokyo group vs. Okinawa group, p = 0.027], sticky mucus [58/156 (37.2%) vs. 45/327 (13.7%), p < 0.001], foveolar-hyperplastic polyp [21/156 (13.5%) vs. 23/327 (7.03%), p = 0.021], and xanthoma [9/156 (5.77%) vs. 7/327 (2.14%), p = 0.037] were more common in the Tokyo group. Spotty redness [100/156 (64.1%) vs. 248/327 (75.8%), Tokyo group vs. Okinawa group, p = 0.007], patchy redness [7/156 (4.48%) vs. 39/327 (11.9%), p = 0.009], and hematin [2/156 (1.28%) vs. 23/327 (7.03%), p = 0.008] were less common in the Tokyo group than in the Okinawa group (Table 4).
Table 4. Subgroup analyses in each age group below and above 65 years of age between the Tokyo and Okinawa patients. (a) The under-65-years age group; (b) the 65-years-and-older age group.
Even among patients aged 65 years or older, closed-type atrophy was more frequent in the Okinawa group than in the Tokyo group [48/108 (44.4%) vs. 49/196 (25.0%), p < 0.001]. In terms of H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa findings, spotty redness was less common in the Tokyo group than in the Okinawa group [139/196 (70.9%) vs. 90/108 (83.3%), p = 0.016]. The frequencies of other findings of H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa were not significantly different between the Tokyo and Okinawa groups (Table 4).

3.4. Age-Adjusted Analysis

The data were age-adjusted as the Okinawa group was significantly younger than the Tokyo group. In the Okinawa group, closed-type atrophy (closed:1, open:0) (OR [95%Cl] = 2.843 [2.032–3.985], p < 0.001), spotty redness (OR [95%Cl] = 1.947 [1.379–2.761], p < 0.001), patchy redness (OR [95%Cl] = 2.336 [1.421–3.917], p = 0.001), and hematin (OR [95%Cl] = 3.526 [1.471–9.849], p = 0.008) were more common and sticky mucus was less common (OR [95%Cl] = 0.439 [0.306–0.626], p < 0.001) (Table 5).
Table 5. Odds ratios of each endoscopic feature in the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis between the Tokyo and Okinawa groups in logistic regression analysis.

4. Discussion

Comparison of the endoscopic findings of the gastric mucosa of H. pylori-infected patients according to the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis suggested that there may be regional differences in endoscopic findings of H. pylori-infected mucosa between the Okinawa and Tokyo groups. In addition, spotty redness in the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis was useful for the endoscopic diagnosis of H. pylori infection in the Okinawa group. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare regional differences in endoscopic findings of H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa according to the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis.
In the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, diffuse redness, and nodularity are risk factors for gastric cancer [22,24,25,26,27,28]. Enlarged fold has also been weakly associated with undifferentiated gastric carcinoma [26]. Regarding the inhibitory effect of H. pylori eradication on gastric carcinogenesis, the greater the extent of mucosal atrophy, the lower the inhibitory effect of eradication on carcinogenesis [29]. In the present study, the Okinawa group had a higher frequency of closed-type atrophy than the Tokyo group, and lower frequencies of enlarged fold and intestinal metaplasia, suggesting that the risk of gastric cancer according to the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis was low in Okinawa.
The prevalence of diffuse redness was not significantly different between the two groups, but was less common in the Okinawa group. In addition, the degree of atrophy was weaker in the Okinawa group, and the presence of H. pylori infection findings such as enlarged fold and sticky mucus was less conspicuous, making the endoscopic diagnosis of H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa more difficult than in the Tokyo group. The Okinawa group showed predominantly more spotty redness as a finding of H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa. It is considered that diffuse redness was less noticeable in the Okinawa group than in the Tokyo group, and therefore, it was inferred that the spotty redness was relatively easy to see endoscopically in the Okinawa group. Spotty redness was considered to be helpful in the diagnosis of H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa among the endoscopic findings in Okinawa.
Diffuse redness is a basic finding of H. pylori infection as well as mucosal swelling, and correlates predominantly with the degree of neutrophilic and mononuclear cell infiltration caused by H. pylori infection [19]. The diffuse redness in the Okinawa group was weak and difficult to diagnose endoscopically, which means that the H. pylori strains in Okinawa are less inflammatory. In addition, more hematin adherence was observed in the Okinawa group than in the Tokyo group. Hematin is considered to appear when the intragastric pH is highly acidic [30], and it has been reported that H. pylori-uninfected individuals have a higher acid secretory capacity than H. pylori-infected individuals [31,32,33]. In the age-adjusted analysis, the Okinawa group had significantly fewer cases of sticky mucus, foveolar hyperplastic polyp, and enlarged fold in those under 65 years of age, but in those 65 years of age and older, these frequencies increased to the same levels as those in the Tokyo group, and the differences were no longer significant. This suggests that the inflammation caused by H. pylori was stronger in the Tokyo group and weaker in the Okinawa group, and that the mucosal findings were therefore less noticeable in the younger age group in Okinawa. On the other hand, the elderly group showed changes due to long-term inflammation, and the difference in mucosal findings between the Tokyo group and the Okinawa group became smaller, although not regarding the extent of atrophy.
Okinawa is an island far from the mainland of Japan, and one of the reasons for the low incidence of gastric cancer in Okinawa is thought to be the different environmental factors and dietary habits compared to those in the rest of Japan [34]. Furthermore, genetic analysis of H. pylori has pointed to differences in H. pylori strains in Okinawa compared to those in other regions of Japan as a cause for the different incidence of gastric cancer [9,10,11,12]. The cagA gene is known to be a representative pathogenic factor for gastric cancer in H. pylori, but the CagA protein itself is not essential for the survival of the bacteria, and there are cagA-positive and cagA-negative strains. cagA-positive strains are more pathogenic than cagA-negative strains and are reported to increase the risk of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer [35,36]. cagA-negative strains are more common in South Africa, with a higher proportion of cagA-positive strains in the Asian region. Among cagA strains, East Asian-type cagA strains are considered to be more virulent compared to Western-type cagA strains [37]. In Japan, almost 100% of the H. pylori strains are East Asian-type cagA strains, except in Okinawa. In Okinawa, about 15% of H. pylori strains are cagA-negative and about 15% of strains are Western-type cagA strains, and this difference in H. pylori strains is thought to be the reason that the gastric cancer incidence rate is lowest in Okinawa Prefecture among prefectures in Japan [9,10,11,12].
About 50% of the world’s population is a carrier of H. pylori. Because H. pylori is transmitted mainly by vertical transmission from parent to child and has a high mutation rate compared to human genes, recent studies have shown that it is possible to estimate not only the diversity of its pathogenicity but also the history of human migration by studying its genotypes in various regions of the world [12,38,39,40]. Genetic analysis of H. pylori by the multi locus sequence typing (MLST) method has demonstrated the existence of two new types unique to Okinawa, not found in other regions, one of which diverged from other strains tens of thousands of years ago [12]. It has been speculated that there were multiple waves of human migration starting in Africa [12,38,39,40,41,42], and the Okinawa-specific H. pylori strains are thought to be the result of early migratory people. At present, the route of arrival of the new type of H. pylori strains recognized in Okinawa is unknown, but Okinawa has its own strains of H. pylori, and it is possible that regional differences in gastritis findings were observed due to differences in these H. pylori strains.
There are several limitations in this study. Because this was a retrospective cross-sectional study and H. pylori gene analysis was not performed, the H. pylori strains could not be identified. In addition, each endoscopist evaluated the endoscopic findings independently, which may have resulted in interobserver variability. The methods used to diagnose H. pylori infection were different in each group, and the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of each H. pylori test varied, which may have affected the results of this study. The present study did not consider the effects of drugs that alter the gastric mucosa and duodeno-gastric reflux, and age stratification analysis was not performed. As the number of hospitals surveyed in this study was limited, we have not been able to examine whether the study is representative of the general population in Japan. Among patients who underwent UGI, the Okinawa group underwent endoscopy based on medical checkup, whereas the Tokyo group underwent endoscopy based on disease, suggesting selection bias. Therefore, a prospective study considering other factors that may affect the gastric mucosa and combining H. pylori gene analysis and age stratification analysis will be required to confirm our findings.

5. Conclusions

When the endoscopic findings according to the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis were compared between the Okinawa and Tokyo groups, the Okinawa group showed a higher percentage of closed-type atrophy and a difference in inflammation-related findings of H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa compared with the Tokyo group. Among the endoscopic features in the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis, spotty redness was considered to be useful for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection in the Okinawa group. Our results suggested the possibility of regional differences in endoscopic findings of H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa between Okinawa and Tokyo.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, T.T. and A.N.; Methodology, M.H., A.I., S.H. and H.S.; Software, M.H.; Validation, T.T.; Formal Analysis, T.T., M.H. and S.N.; Investigation, S.O., M.H., R.U., D.A., N.S., A.I., Y.A. and H.U.; Resources, S.O., R.U., D.A., N.S., A.I., M.H., S.H. and H.S.; Data Curation, S.O., T.T. and S.N.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, S.O.; Writing—Review and Editing, T.T.; Visualization, T.T. and S.O.; Supervision, A.N.; Project Administration, T.T.; Funding Acquisition, T.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of Juntendo University Hospital (protocol code E21-0335-H01) and the Ethics Committee of Northern Okinawa Medical Center (protocol code 2019-5).

Data Availability Statement

All data supporting this study are available in the article.

Acknowledgments

We thank all members of the Department of Gastroenterology of Juntendo University School of Medicine, Medical Technology Innovation Center of Juntendo University School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology of Okinawa Prefectural Hokubu Hospital, and Department of Gastroenterology of Northern Okinawa Medical Center for helping us to conduct this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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