Association of Lifestyle Behaviors with Quality of Life in Patients with COPD: A Cross-Sectional Study in Primary Care
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Sample
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Study Tools
2.3.1. The Healthy Lifestyle Index
2.3.2. COPD Assessment Test (CAT) Questionnaire
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors and COPD-Specific Quality of Life
3.2. Subgroup and Separate Analyses
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Characteristics | Overall N = 236 | Poor HLI Group (HLI = 2 or Lower) N = 113 | Optimal HLI Group (HLI = 3 or Higher) N = 123 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 68 ± 9 | 67 ± 8 | 69 ± 9 | 0.029 |
Age group ≥ 60 years | 191 (81) | 87 (77) | 104 (85) | 0.140 |
Sex | 0.462 | |||
Male | 158 (67) | 73 (65) | 85 (69) | |
Female | 78 (33) | 40 (35) | 38 (1) | |
Area of residence | 0.423 | |||
Rural | 94 (40) | 42 (37) | 52 (42) | |
Urban | 142 (60) | 71 (63) | 71 (58) | |
Education level | 0.333 | |||
Primary level | 112 (47) | 50 (45) | 62 (50) | |
Secondary level | 90 (38) | 49 (43) | 41 (33) | |
Higher level | 34 (15) | 14 (12) | 20 (17) | |
Married | 0.292 | |||
No | 42 (18) | 23 (20) | 19 (15) | |
Yes | 194 (82) | 90 (80) | 104 (85) |
Healthy Lifestyle Factors | Overall N = 236 | Poor HLI Group (HLI = 2 or Lower) N = 113 | Optimal HLI Group (HLI = 3 or Higher) N = 123 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Smoking | ||||
Non-/former smokers | 119 (50) | 32 (28) | 87 (71) | <0.001 |
Physical activity | ||||
At least 150 min/week | 75 (32) | 8 (7) | 67 (55) | <0.001 |
Alcohol consumption | ||||
Less than 14 units/week | 218 (92) | 98 (87) | 120 (98) | 0.002 |
BMI | ||||
Less than 30 kg/m2 | 133 (56) | 43 (38) | 90 (73) | <0.001 |
Sleep | ||||
Adequate sleep (7–9 h) | 60 (25%) | 12 (11%) | 48 (39%) | |
Healthy lifestyle index | 2.6 (0.9) | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ±0.6 | <0.001 |
Clinical characteristics | ||||
CAT score | 12.4 ±5.9 | 14.2 ± 5.9 | 10.7 ±5.5 | <0.001 |
CAT score ≥ 10 | 155 (66) | 89 (79) | 66 (54) | <0.001 |
Exacerbations ≥ 2 | 34 (14) | 19 (17) | 15 (12) | 0.313 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Hypertension | 130 (55) | 64 (57) | 66 (54) | 0.646 |
Coronary artery disease (CAD) | 53 (23) | 22 (20) | 31 (25) | 0.292 |
Atrial Fibrillation | 20 (9) | 8 (7) | 12 (10) | 0.461 |
Other type of arrhythmia | 13 (6) | 7 (6) | 6 (5) | 0.658 |
Heart failure | 13 (6) | 8 7) | 5 (4) | 0.311 |
Cerebrovascular accident | 5 (2) | 3 (3) | 2 (2) | 0.583 |
Transient ischemic attack | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0.952 |
Gastroesophageal reflux | 34 (14) | 18 (16) | 16 (13) | 0.523 |
Cancer | 26 (11) | 12 (11) | 14 (11) | 0.980 |
Diabetes type 2 | 73 (31) | 41 (36) | 32 (26) | 0.088 |
Dyslipidemia | 138 (59) | 66 (58) | 72 (59) | 0.984 |
Osteoporosis | 31 (13) | 13 (12) | 18 (15) | 0.477 |
Asthma | 41 (17) | 20 (18) | 21 (17) | 0.945 |
Anxiety Disorder | 14 (6) | 7 (6) | 7 (6) | 0.870 |
Depression | 30 (13) | 18 (16) | 12 (10) | 0.155 |
Obstructive Sleep apnea | 32 (14) | 17 (15) | 15 (12) | 0.523 |
Rheumatic disease | 16 (7) | 11 (10) | 5 (4) | 0.084 |
Non-Adjusted OR (95% CI) p-Value | Model I OR (95% CI) p-Value | Model II OR (95% CI) p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Healthy lifestyle index score | 0.490 (0.358–0.669), p < 0.001 | 0.433 (0.303–0.619), p < 0.001 | 0.424 (0.294–0.612), p < 0.001 |
HLI = 2 or lower | Ref | Ref | Ref |
HLI = 3 or higher | 0.312 (0.176–0.554), p < 0.001 | 0.317 (0.172–0.582), p < 0.001 | 0.310 (0.167–0.575), p < 0.001 |
Healthy Lifestyle Factors | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Non-/former smoking | 0.543 (0.282, 1.049) | 0.039 |
Active physical activity (at least 150 min/week) | 0.238 (0.122, 0.463) | <0.001 |
Alcohol less than 14 units/week | 0.827 (0.239, 2.860) | 0.764 |
BMI less than 30 kg/m2 | 0.664 (0.327, 1.349) | 0.257 |
Adequate sleep (7–9 h) | 0.337 (0.160–0.710 | 0.004 |
Demographic Characteristics | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
Age group 40–59 years | 0.051 (0.006–0.426) | 0.006 |
Age group 60–69 years | 0.476 (0.268–0.846) | 0.011 |
Age group ≥ 70 years | 0.495 (0.274–0,895) | 0.020 |
Sex | ||
Male | 0.438 (0.283–0.678) | <0.001 |
Female | 0.440 (0.232–0.835) | 0.012 |
p-value | 0.821 | |
Area of residence | ||
Rural | 0.327 (0.179–0.597) | <0.001 |
Urban | 0.500 (0.312–0.801) | 0.004 |
Education level | ||
Primary level | 0.404 (0.235–0.695) | 0.001 |
Secondary level | 0.532 (0.312–0.908) | 0.021 |
Higher level | 0.171 (0.037–0.796) | 0.024 |
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Bouloukaki, I.; Christodoulakis, A.; Margetaki, K.; Tsiligianni, I. Association of Lifestyle Behaviors with Quality of Life in Patients with COPD: A Cross-Sectional Study in Primary Care. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 4793. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164793
Bouloukaki I, Christodoulakis A, Margetaki K, Tsiligianni I. Association of Lifestyle Behaviors with Quality of Life in Patients with COPD: A Cross-Sectional Study in Primary Care. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(16):4793. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164793
Chicago/Turabian StyleBouloukaki, Izolde, Antonios Christodoulakis, Katerina Margetaki, and Ioanna Tsiligianni. 2024. "Association of Lifestyle Behaviors with Quality of Life in Patients with COPD: A Cross-Sectional Study in Primary Care" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 16: 4793. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164793