Could Obesity Be Related to the Increasing Incidence of Warthin Tumors?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. WT vs. Epithelial Benign Parotid Tumors
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- each additional year of age increases the odds of a WT by 9.4% (OR = 1.094);
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- female gender decreases the odds of WT by 59.5% (OR = 0.405) compared to male gender;
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- presence of another head and neck cancer increases the odds of WT by 5.713 times (OR = 5.713);
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- each additional kg/m2 in BMI increases the odds of WT by 12.1% (OR = 1.121);
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- smoking up to 10 cigarettes, 10–20 cigarettes, and more than 20 cigarettes per day increases the odds of WT by 5.136 (OR = 5.136), 14.014 (OR = 14.014) and 34.526 times (OR = 34.526), respectively.
3.2. Unifocal vs. Multifocal Parotid WT
3.3. Unilateral vs. Bilateral WT
3.4. Extraparotid vs. Intraparotid WT
4. Discussion
5. Study Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Warthin’s Tumor (n = 155) | Other Benign Tumors (n = 310) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
BMI [kg/m2] | Average (SD) | 27.3 (3.84) | 25.52 (4.42) | p < 0.001 |
Median (quartile) | 27.17 (24.82–29.61) | 25.62 (22.21–27.64) | ||
Range | 18.34–40.9 | 16.65–40.51 | ||
n | 155 | 310 | ||
Age (years) | Average (SD) | 64.37 (8.75) | 48.34 (16.72) | p < 0.001 |
Median (quartile) | 65 (59–70) | 49 (36–61) | ||
Range | 42–87 | 11–85 | ||
n | 155 | 310 | ||
Sex | Male | 99 (63.87%) | 111 (35.81%) | p < 0.001 |
Female | 56 (36.13%) | 199 (64.19%) | ||
Diameter of the tumor [mm] | Average (SD) | 25.03 (10.67) | 27.57 (10.48) | p = 0.012 |
Median (quartile) | 23.5 (18–32) | 26 (20–35) | ||
Range | 4–79 | 8–65 | ||
n | 154 | 304 | ||
Site of the tumor | Superficial lobe | 128 (82.58%) | 261 (84.19%) | p < 0.001 |
Deep lobe | 19 (12.26%) | 49 (15.81%) | ||
Neck lymph nodes | 8 (5.16%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
Multifocal tumor in the parotid gland | No | 129 (83.23%) | 300 (96.77%) | p < 0.001 |
Yes | 19 (12.26%) | 10 (3.23%) | ||
No data | 7 (4.52%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
Facial nerve dysfunction | No | 140 (90.32%) | 260 (83.87%) | p = 0.08 |
Yes | 15 (9.68%) | 50 (16.13%) | ||
Other head and neck cancer | No | 141 (90.97%) | 303 (97.74%) | p = 0.004 |
Yes | 13 (8.39%) | 7 (2.26%) | ||
No data | 1 (0.65%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
Cigarette smoking | Non-smoker | 26 (16.77%) | 238 (76.77%) | p < 0.001 |
Cigarettes <10/day | 25 (16.13%) | 44 (14.19%) | ||
Cigarettes 10–20/day | 46 (29.68%) | 17 (5.48%) | ||
Cigarettes >20/day | 52 (33.55%) | 10 (3.23%) | ||
Former smoker | 6 (3.87%) | 1 (0.32%) |
Feature | OR | 95%CI | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI (kg/m2) | 1.121 | 1.039 | 1.21 | 0.003 | |
Age (years) | 1.094 | 1.064 | 1.125 | <0.001 | |
Sex | Male | 1 | ref. | ||
Female | 0.405 | 0.216 | 0.761 | 0.005 | |
Tumor diameter (mm) | 0.979 | 0.949 | 1.01 | 0.179 | |
Site of the tumor | Superficial lobe | 1 | ref. | ||
Deep lobe | 0.568 | 0.235 | 1.375 | 0.21 | |
Neck lymph nodes | --- | --- | --- | --- | |
Multifocal tumor in the parotid gland | No | 1 | ref. | ||
Yes | 3.026 | 0.789 | 11.607 | 0.107 | |
Other head and neck cancer | No | 1 | ref. | ||
Yes | 5.713 | 1.081 | 30.204 | 0.04 | |
Cigarette smoking | Non-smoker | 1 | ref. | ||
Cigarettes <10/day | 5.136 | 2.307 | 11.431 | <0.001 | |
Cigarettes 10–20/day | 14.014 | 5.955 | 32.975 | <0.001 | |
Cigarettes >20/day | 34.526 | 12.262 | 97.215 | <0.001 | |
Former smoker | 9.336 | 0.946 | 92.11 | 0.056 | |
Duration of symptoms | 0.978 | 0.964 | 0.991 | 0.001 |
Parameter | Multifocal WT in the Parotid Gland | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 129) | Yes (n = 19) | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | Average (SD) | 27.33 (3.77) | 26.23 (4.16) | p = 0.497 |
Median (quartile) | 27.17 (24.91–29.35) | 26.7 (22.46–29.77) | ||
Range | 18.51–40.9 | 18.34–32.72 | ||
n | 129 | 19 | ||
Cigarette smoking | Non-smoker | 23 (17.83%) | 3 (15.79%) | p = 0.315 |
Cigarettes <10/day | 24 (18.60%) | 1 (5.26%) | ||
Cigarettes 10–20/day | 38 (29.46%) | 5 (26.32%) | ||
Cigarettes >20/day | 38 (29.46%) | 10 (52.63%) | ||
Former smoker | 6 (4.65%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
Age (years) | Average (SD) | 64.43 (8.58) | 65.68 (7.73) | p = 0.269 |
Median (quartile) | 65 (59–70) | 67 (63.5–70) | ||
Range | 42–87 | 42–79 | ||
n | 129 | 19 | ||
Sex | Male | 82 (63.57%) | 13 (68.42%) | p = 0.876 |
Female | 47 (36.43%) | 6 (31.58%) |
Parameter | Unilateral (n = 134) | Bilateral (n = 21) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
BMI (kg/m2) | Average (SD) | 27.34 (3.91) | 27.02 (3.41) | p = 0.786 |
Median (quartile) | 27.35 (24.82–29.77) | 26.83 (25.35–29.32) | ||
Range | 18.34–40.9 | 20.28–34.06 | ||
n | 134 | 21 | ||
Cigarette smoking | Non-smoker | 25 (18.66%) | 1 (4.76%) | p = 0.038 |
Cigarettes <10/day | 24 (17.91%) | 1 (4.76%) | ||
Cigarettes 10–20/day | 41 (30.60%) | 5 (23.81%) | ||
Cigarettes >20/day | 39 (29.10%) | 13 (61.90%) | ||
Former smoker | 5 (3.73%) | 1 (4.76%) | ||
Age (years) | Average (SD) | 64.13 (9) | 65.86 (7.01) | p = 0.584 |
Median (quartile) | 65 (59–70) | 65 (60–67) | ||
Range | 42–87 | 58–86 | ||
n | 134 | 21 | ||
Sex | Male | 84 (62.69%) | 15 (71.43%) | p = 0.595 |
Female | 50 (37.31%) | 6 (28.57%) |
Parameter | Parotid WT (n = 147) | Extraparotid WT (n = 8) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
BMI [kg/m2] | Average (SD) | 27.17 (3.83) | 29.63 (3.5) | p = 0.08 |
Median (quartile) | 27.16 (24.45–29.4) | 29.94 (27.76–30.77) | ||
Range | 18.34–40.9 | 24.82–35.51 | ||
n | 147 | 8 | ||
Cigarette smoking | Non-smoker | 26 (17.69%) | 0 (0.00%) | p = 0.319 |
Cigarettes <10/day | 25 (17.01%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
Cigarettes 10–20/day | 43 (29.25%) | 3 (37.50%) | ||
Cigarettes >20/day | 47 (31.97%) | 5 (62.50%) | ||
Former smoker | 6 (4.08%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
Age (years) | Average (SD) | 64.6 (8.49) | 60.12 (12.73) | p = 0.095 |
Median (quartile) | 65 (59.5–70) | 58.5 (54–63.5) | ||
Range | 42–87 | 42–86 | ||
n | 147 | 8 | ||
Sex | Male | 94 (63.95%) | 5 (62.50%) | p = 1 |
Female | 53 (36.05%) | 3 (37.50%) |
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Gontarz, M.; Bargiel, J.; Gąsiorowski, K.; Marecik, T.; Szczurowski, P.; Hramyka, A.; Kuczera, J.; Wieczorkiewicz, A.; Wyszyńska-Pawelec, G. Could Obesity Be Related to the Increasing Incidence of Warthin Tumors? J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 4935. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164935
Gontarz M, Bargiel J, Gąsiorowski K, Marecik T, Szczurowski P, Hramyka A, Kuczera J, Wieczorkiewicz A, Wyszyńska-Pawelec G. Could Obesity Be Related to the Increasing Incidence of Warthin Tumors? Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(16):4935. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164935
Chicago/Turabian StyleGontarz, Michał, Jakub Bargiel, Krzysztof Gąsiorowski, Tomasz Marecik, Paweł Szczurowski, Andrei Hramyka, Joanna Kuczera, Agata Wieczorkiewicz, and Grażyna Wyszyńska-Pawelec. 2024. "Could Obesity Be Related to the Increasing Incidence of Warthin Tumors?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 16: 4935. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164935