Somatic Structure and Ultrasound Parameters of the Calcaneus Bone in Combat Sports Athletes in Relation to Vitamin D3 Levels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Procedure
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Practical Application
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria |
---|---|
Age 18–35 | Vitamin D supplementation |
Minimum of 3 years of competition experience | Chronic metabolic diseases (Diabetes, gout, or thyroid diseases) |
Health of the musculoskeletal system | Active and chronic infections |
Consent to participate in the study | Injuries and surgeries in the lower limbs |
The use of drugs that affect bone density or calcium and vitamin D metabolism (e.g., steroids or antiepileptic drugs). |
Somatic Variables | SD | Min | Max | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Body height [mm] | 1773.5 | 68.47 | 1642 | 1914 |
Elbow width [mm] | 71.10 | 4.37 | 60 | 83 |
Knee width [mm] | 100.40 | 6.18 | 88 | 115 |
Flexed arm circumference [cm] | 35.20 | 3.19 | 29 | 41 |
Maximum calf circumference [cm] | 37.80 | 2.67 | 33 | 45.50 |
Skinfold thickness on biceps [mm] | 4.28 | 1.88 | 2.40 | 11 |
Skinfold thickness on triceps [mm] | 7.95 | 2.97 | 4.20 | 17,40 |
Skinfold thickness under scapula [mm] | 10.06 | 3.59 | 5 | 17 |
Skinfold thickness above iliac crest [mm] | 10.29 | 5.99 | 4 | 29.60 |
Skinfold thickness on calf [mm] | 5.66 | 2.88 | 2.20 | 17.20 |
Body mass [kg] | 80.53 | 11.81 | 55 | 109 |
Somatic Variable | z | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boxing (n = 10) | Ju-jitsu (n = 10) | Karate (n = 10) | Wrestling (n = 10) | ||
Body height [mm] | 0.69 | 0.13 | −0.20 | −0.09 | 1-2,3,4 * |
Elbow width [mm] | 0.98 | 0.10 | −0.32 | 0.17 | 1-2,3,4 * |
Knee width [mm] | 1.88 | −0.03 | −0.25 | −0.32 | 1-2,3,4 * |
Flexed arm circumference [cm] | 0.21 | 0.09 | −0.49 | 1.17 | 1-3,4 *; 3-4 * |
Maximum calf circumference [cm] | 0.57 | −0.23 | 0.05 | −0.04 | 1-2,3,4 * |
Skinfold thickness on biceps [mm] | −0.68 | −0.21 | 0.28 | −0.02 | 1-3,4 * |
Skinfold thickness on triceps [mm] | −0.86 | −0.10 | 0.32 | −0.25 | 1-2,3,4 * |
Skinfold thickness under scapula [mm] | −0.70 | 0.17 | −0.20 | 0.66 | 1-2,3,4 *; 3-4 * |
Skinfold thickness above iliac crest [mm] | −0.64 | −0.04 | 0.01 | 0.43 | 1-2,3 * |
Skinfold thickness on calf [mm] | −0.79 | −0.31 | 0.00 | 1.11 | 1-3,4 *; 2-4 * |
Body mass [kg] | 0.41 | 0.03 | −0.29 | 0.58 | 4-2,3 * |
Variables | SD | CV | Min | Max | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ultrasound of the calcaneus | ||||||
SI | 115.8 | 16.71 | 14.43 | 88 | 165 | |
BUA [dB/MHz] | 126.0 | 16.59 | 13.17 | 94 | 190 | |
SOS [m/s] | 1615.3 | 34.81 | 2.16 | 1549 | 1692 | |
Somatotype components | ||||||
Endomorphy | 2.38 | 1.15 | - | 1 | 5.5 | |
Mesomorphy | 5.88 | 1.11 | - | 3.25 | 9.13 | |
Ectomorphy | 1.79 | 0.89 | - | 0.5 | 4 | |
Vitamin D3 | ||||||
D3 [ng/mL] | 36.33 | 10.08 | - | 13 | 50 |
Variables | Boxing (n = 10) | Ju-jitsu (n = 10) | Karate (n = 10) | Wrestling (n = 10) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SD | CV | SD | CV | SD | CV | SD | CV | |||||
Ultrasound of the calcaneus | ||||||||||||
SI | 126.67 | 5.03 | 3.97 | 114.00 | 15.27 | 13.39 | 115.53 | 12.23 | 10.59 | 114.00 | 22.00 | 19.30 |
BUA [dB/MHz] | 137.67 | 2.89 | 2.10 | 126.70 | 11.15 | 8.80 | 125.33 | 13.49 | 10.76 | 119.80 | 12.15 | 10.14 |
SOS [m/s] | 1625.00 | 19.92 | 1.23 | 1609.00 | 29.19 | 1.81 | 1615.00 | 31.76 | 1.97 | 1623.20 | 64.75 | 3.99 |
Somatotype components | ||||||||||||
Endomorphy | 1.50 | 0.87 | - | 2.40 | 0.94 | - | 2.33 | 1.42 | - | 3.00 | 0.71 | - |
Mesomorphy | 6.67 | 1.15 | - | 5.80 | 1.25 | - | 5.62 | 1.07 | - | 6.35 | 0.78 | - |
Ectomorphy | 2.17 | 1.04 | 1.85 | 0.88 | 1.93 | 0.91 | 1.00 | 0.35 |
Variables | z | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boxing (n = 10) | Ju-jitsu (n = 10) | Karate (n = 10) | Wrestling (n = 10) | ||
Ultrasound of the calcaneus | |||||
SI | 0.65 | −0.11 | −0.02 | −0.11 | 1-2,3,4 * |
BUA [dB/MHz] | 0.70 | 0.04 | −0.04 | −0.38 | 1-2,3,4 * |
SOS [m/s] | 0.28 | −0.18 | −0.01 | 0.23 | |
Somatotype components | |||||
Endomorphy | −0.77 | 0.02 | −0.04 | 0.54 | 1-2,3,4 *; 4-2,3 * |
Mesomorphy | 0.71 | −0.07 | −0.24 | 0.43 | 1-2,3 *; 4-2,3 * |
Ectomorphy | 0.42 | 0.07 | 0.16 | −0.88 | 4-1,2,3 * |
Vitamin D3 | |||||
D3 [ng/mL] | 0.89 | −0.16 | −0.02 | −0.15 | 1-2,3,4 * |
Variables | —(Level D3 in Accordance with the Standard) | —(D3 Level below Normal) | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of respondents | ||||
n | 34 | 6 | ||
Ultrasound of the calcaneus | ||||
SI | 119.96 | 97.33 | 12.14 | 0.0015 * |
BUA [dB/MHz] | 128.04 | 117.00 | 2.26 | 0.14 |
SOS [m/s] | 1625.56 | 1569.33 | 20.67 | 0.001 * |
Somatotype components | ||||
Endomorphy | 2.13 | 3.50 | 8.71 | 0.006 * |
Mesomorphy | 5.84 | 6.06 | 0.2 | 0.66 |
Ectomorphy | 1.89 | 1.33 | 1.96 | 0.17 |
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Brudecki, J.; Rydzik, Ł.; Wąsacz, W.; Ruzbarsky, P.; Czarny, W.; Warowna, M.; Ambroży, T. Somatic Structure and Ultrasound Parameters of the Calcaneus Bone in Combat Sports Athletes in Relation to Vitamin D3 Levels. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 4960. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164960
Brudecki J, Rydzik Ł, Wąsacz W, Ruzbarsky P, Czarny W, Warowna M, Ambroży T. Somatic Structure and Ultrasound Parameters of the Calcaneus Bone in Combat Sports Athletes in Relation to Vitamin D3 Levels. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(16):4960. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164960
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrudecki, Janusz, Łukasz Rydzik, Wojciech Wąsacz, Pavel Ruzbarsky, Wojciech Czarny, Marlena Warowna, and Tadeusz Ambroży. 2024. "Somatic Structure and Ultrasound Parameters of the Calcaneus Bone in Combat Sports Athletes in Relation to Vitamin D3 Levels" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 16: 4960. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164960