Effectiveness and Safety of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes

Almohareb, Sumaya N.; Alfayez, Osamah M.; Aljuaid, Shoroq S.; Alshahrani, Walaa A.; Bakhsh, Ghalia; Alshammari, Mohammed K.; Al Yami, Majed S.; Alshaya, Omar A.; Alomran, Abdullah S.; Korayem, Ghazwa B.; Almohammed, Omar A.

doi:10.3390/jcm13216532

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness and Safety of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes

by

Sumaya N. Almohareb

^1,2,3,†

,

Osamah M. Alfayez

^4,†

,

Shoroq S. Aljuaid

⁵,

Walaa A. Alshahrani

²,

Ghalia Bakhsh

⁶,

Mohammed K. Alshammari

⁶,

Majed S. Al Yami

^1,2,3,

Omar A. Alshaya

^1,2,3

,

Abdullah S. Alomran

⁵,

Ghazwa B. Korayem

⁷ and

Omar A. Almohammed

^8,9,*

¹

Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia

²

King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia

³

Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia

⁴

Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 52571, Saudi Arabia

⁵

Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12233, Saudi Arabia

⁶

Department of Pharmaceutical Care, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 12231, Saudi Arabia

⁷

Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia

⁸

Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

⁹

Pharmacoeconomics Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship.

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(21), 6532; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13216532

Submission received: 27 September 2024 / Revised: 29 October 2024 / Accepted: 29 October 2024 / Published: 30 October 2024

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Type 1 Diabetes)

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Abstract

Background: GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) are used in the management of type II diabetes mellitus or obesity, although its role in patients with type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been debated. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of GLP-1RA in patients with T1DM using real-world data. Methods: This multicenter, retrospective study was conducted at three tertiary medical centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study followed up patients (>16 years old) with T1DM treated with insulin followed by GLP-1RA add-on therapy. The efficacy outcomes included changes in HbA1c, body weight, and insulin requirements from baseline to each follow-up visit. The main safety outcomes assessed included hypoglycemic events and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events. Results: The study included 144 patients with a mean age of 33.0 ± 10.1 years. Semaglutide was the most used GLP-1RA (63.9%) followed by liraglutide (34.0%). From baseline to 3-month follow-up, HbA1c (mean difference (MD) = −0.8%; p = 0.0053), weight (MD = −2.4 kg; p = 0.0253), and daily basal insulin dose (MD = −2.1 units; p = 0.0349) were significantly reduced. Likewise, HbA1c (MD = −0.5%; p = 0.0004), weight (MD = −3.6 kg; p < 0.0001), and daily basal insulin (MD = −2.4 units; p = 0.0282) were significantly reduced at the 4–6-month follow-up. The significant reductions in HbA1c, weight, and daily basal insulin levels were consistent for up to 18-month follow-up. Only one patient had a major hypoglycemic event, whereas 8.3% of the patients had GI adverse events. Conclusions: Overall, significant improvements in glycemic control, weight loss, and insulin requirements were observed with the use of GLP-1RA in patients with T1DM, with a limited number of GI adverse events.

Keywords: diabetes mellitus type 1; glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; treatment outcome; safety; body mass index; body weight

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MDPI and ACS Style

Almohareb, S.N.; Alfayez, O.M.; Aljuaid, S.S.; Alshahrani, W.A.; Bakhsh, G.; Alshammari, M.K.; Al Yami, M.S.; Alshaya, O.A.; Alomran, A.S.; Korayem, G.B.; et al. Effectiveness and Safety of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 6532. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13216532

AMA Style

Almohareb SN, Alfayez OM, Aljuaid SS, Alshahrani WA, Bakhsh G, Alshammari MK, Al Yami MS, Alshaya OA, Alomran AS, Korayem GB, et al. Effectiveness and Safety of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(21):6532. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13216532

Chicago/Turabian Style

Almohareb, Sumaya N., Osamah M. Alfayez, Shoroq S. Aljuaid, Walaa A. Alshahrani, Ghalia Bakhsh, Mohammed K. Alshammari, Majed S. Al Yami, Omar A. Alshaya, Abdullah S. Alomran, Ghazwa B. Korayem, and et al. 2024. "Effectiveness and Safety of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 21: 6532. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13216532

APA Style

Almohareb, S. N., Alfayez, O. M., Aljuaid, S. S., Alshahrani, W. A., Bakhsh, G., Alshammari, M. K., Al Yami, M. S., Alshaya, O. A., Alomran, A. S., Korayem, G. B., & Almohammed, O. A. (2024). Effectiveness and Safety of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(21), 6532. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13216532

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Effectiveness and Safety of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes

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