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Systematic Review

Cognitive Enhancement Strategies for Older Adults: An Evaluation of Different Training Modalities to Improve Executive Function—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by
Sergi Rodriguez-Rodríguez
1,2,
Max Canet-Vintró
1,2,
Sang Ouk Wee
3,
Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz
1,2,
Carlos López-de-Celis
2,
Guillermo R. Oviedo
1,2,
Noé Labata-Lezaun
2,4,* and
Albert Pérez-Bellmunt
1,2
1
Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
2
ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
3
Department of Kinesiology. California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
4
Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad de Vitoria-Gateiz (EUNEIZ), 01013 Gasteiz, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(5), 1301; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051301
Submission received: 7 February 2024 / Revised: 21 February 2024 / Accepted: 23 February 2024 / Published: 25 February 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Patients with Cognitive Disorders)
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Abstract

(1) Background: The aging population is expected to triple by 2050. Executive functions decline with age, impacting daily tasks, and this is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Aerobic and resistance exercises positively affect cognitive function in older adults by influencing growth markers. However, the modalities of exercise and the optimal parameters for maximum cognitive benefits remain unclear. (2) Methods: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) was conducted. The systematic search was on slowing cognitive decline and performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases. Articles were included if participants were ≥65 years, healthy, and performing resistance or aerobic exercise, and they were excluded if there was a combination of training and if they have neurological disease or cognitive impairment. (3) Results: The search strategy found a total of 1635 studies. After removing duplicates and assessing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight articles were included in the meta-analysis, with a total of 463 healthy older adults analyzed. No significant differences between the intervention groups and the control groups after the aerobic or resistance programs were found. (4) Conclusions: Aerobic exercise interventions improved executive function more than resistance training in older adults, but without statistically significant differences. This can serve as a guide to see, with caution, whether we need a multidisciplinary approach to be more effective in improving the cortical health of older adults.
Keywords: older adults; aerobic exercise; resistance exercise; executive function older adults; aerobic exercise; resistance exercise; executive function

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rodriguez-Rodríguez, S.; Canet-Vintró, M.; Wee, S.O.; Rodríguez-Sanz, J.; López-de-Celis, C.; Oviedo, G.R.; Labata-Lezaun, N.; Pérez-Bellmunt, A. Cognitive Enhancement Strategies for Older Adults: An Evaluation of Different Training Modalities to Improve Executive Function—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 1301. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051301

AMA Style

Rodriguez-Rodríguez S, Canet-Vintró M, Wee SO, Rodríguez-Sanz J, López-de-Celis C, Oviedo GR, Labata-Lezaun N, Pérez-Bellmunt A. Cognitive Enhancement Strategies for Older Adults: An Evaluation of Different Training Modalities to Improve Executive Function—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(5):1301. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051301

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodriguez-Rodríguez, Sergi, Max Canet-Vintró, Sang Ouk Wee, Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz, Carlos López-de-Celis, Guillermo R. Oviedo, Noé Labata-Lezaun, and Albert Pérez-Bellmunt. 2024. "Cognitive Enhancement Strategies for Older Adults: An Evaluation of Different Training Modalities to Improve Executive Function—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 5: 1301. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051301

APA Style

Rodriguez-Rodríguez, S., Canet-Vintró, M., Wee, S. O., Rodríguez-Sanz, J., López-de-Celis, C., Oviedo, G. R., Labata-Lezaun, N., & Pérez-Bellmunt, A. (2024). Cognitive Enhancement Strategies for Older Adults: An Evaluation of Different Training Modalities to Improve Executive Function—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(5), 1301. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051301

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