Expansion of Rare and Harmful Lineages is Associated with Established Rheumatoid Arthritis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Patients and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Clinical and Laboratory Variables
2.3. Sample Collection and DNA Extraction
2.4. 16. S Sequencing
2.5. Bioinformatic Processing
2.6. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of the Diversity and Similarity of Gut Microbiota in RA Patients and Controls
3.2. Phylogenetic Differences in Gut Microbiota Between RA Patients and Controls
3.3. Differences in the Metabolic Profiles of Gut Microbiota Between RA Patients and Controls
3.4. Associations Between Clinical Characteristics of RA Patients and Collinsella aerofaciens
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rheumatoid Arthritis (n = 40) | Healthy Controls (n = 40) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Clinical Characteristic | |||
Sex (Female), n (%) | 30 (75.0) | 30 (75.0) | 1.000 |
Age (Years), Mean (SD) | 58.5 (9.4) | 58.5 (9.4) | 0.998 |
Disease Duration, Months, Mean (SD) | 78.9 (18.8) | ||
Smoking | 0.018 | ||
Non-Smoker, n (%) | 15 (37.5) | 24 (60.0) | |
Former Smoker, n (%) | 16 (40.0) | 5 (12.5) | |
Smoker, n (%) | 9 (22.5) | 11 (27.5) | |
BMI, Mean (SD) | 29.7 (4.9) | 28.1 (4.9) | 0.104 |
Comorbidity | |||
Hypertension, n (%) | 14 (35.0) | 13 (32.5) | 0.813 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 14 (35.0) | 8 (20.0) | 0.133 |
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, n (%) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.314 |
Inflammatory Activity | |||
DAS28-ESR Average Value, Mean (SD) | 3.6 (0.5) | - | |
DAS28-ESR at Index-Sate, Mean (SD) | 3.0 (1.1) | - | |
HAQ Average Value, Mean (SD) | 0.89 (0.6) | - | |
HAQ at Index-Date, Mean (SD) | 1.06 (0.5) | - | |
Laboratory Characteristics | |||
RF-Positive, n (%) | 32 (80.0) | 2 (5.0) | <0.001 |
ACPA-Positive, n (%) | 28 (70.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
CRP, mg/L, Mean (SD) | 5.02 (4.5) | 5.17 (7.0) | 0.911 |
ESR mm/h, mean (SD) | 17.1 (11.8) | 12.2 (9.4) | 0.041 |
Cholesterol, mg/dL, Mean (SD) | 206.5 (39.7) | 212.9 (37.0) | 0.460 |
HDL, mg/dL | 56.4 (14.5) | 61.4 (16.5) | 0.156 |
LDL, mg/dL | 122.8 (30.5) | 130.3 (29.6) | 0.272 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 137.1 (78.9) | 104.3 (49.3) | 0.030 |
Drugs | |||
Corticosteroids, n (%) | 3 (7.5) | ||
Sulfasalazine, n (%) | 6 (15.0) | ||
Leflunomide, n (%) | 5 (12.5) | ||
Methotrexate, n (%) | 29 (72.5) | ||
Hydroxychloroquine, n (%) | 2 (5.0) | ||
Biologic Drugs, n (%) | 15 (37.5) |
Variables | Collinsella aerofaciens (OTUs), Median (p25–p75) | p |
---|---|---|
Women Men | 113.0 (44.0–345.5) 63.0 (27.5–190.0) | 0.636 |
Smoking | 0.036 | |
Non-Smoker, n (%) | 49.0 (19.0–154.0) | |
Former Smoker, n (%) | 204.0 (60.0–1020.0) | |
Smoker, n (%) | 109.5 (56.2–170.5) | |
Bone Erosions Non-Bone Erosions | 132.5 (48.0–346.2) 84.5 (18.0–144.2) | 0.409 |
High ACPA (≥340) Low ACPA (<340) | 154.0 (60.0–626.0) 55.0 (8.5–132.2) | 0.024 |
High RF (≥60) Low RF (<60) | 114.0 (38.0–267.7) 84.5 (36.0–261.7) | 0.850 |
Double Seropositivity (RF+ ACPA+) | 61.0 (28.5–202.0) | 0.639 |
High DAS28 (≥3.2) Low DAS28 (<3.2) | 114.0 (34.5–355.2) 86.0(43.5–225.2) | 0.470 |
sDMARDs Non-sDMARDs | 232.5 (60.0–900.0) 111.0 (31.5–206.7) | 0.313 |
Methotrexate Non-Methotrexate | 118.0 (36.0–206.7) 61.5 (39.0–373.7) | 0.689 |
bDMARDs Non-bDMARDs | 175.0 (60.0–930.5) 58.5 (31.5–161.5) | 0.018 |
Independent Variables | B | p | 95% Confidence Intervals for B | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Boundary | Upper Boundary | |||
Age | −0.347 | 0.018 | −21.6 | −2.1 |
Smoking | 0.300 | 0.036 | 8.8 | 256.4 |
High ACPA | 0.323 | 0.025 | 27.4 | 390.0 |
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Mena-Vázquez, N.; Ruiz-Limón, P.; Moreno-Indias, I.; Manrique-Arija, S.; Tinahones, F.J.; Fernández-Nebro, A. Expansion of Rare and Harmful Lineages is Associated with Established Rheumatoid Arthritis. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 1044. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041044
Mena-Vázquez N, Ruiz-Limón P, Moreno-Indias I, Manrique-Arija S, Tinahones FJ, Fernández-Nebro A. Expansion of Rare and Harmful Lineages is Associated with Established Rheumatoid Arthritis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(4):1044. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041044
Chicago/Turabian StyleMena-Vázquez, Natalia, Patricia Ruiz-Limón, Isabel Moreno-Indias, Sara Manrique-Arija, Francisco J. Tinahones, and Antonio Fernández-Nebro. 2020. "Expansion of Rare and Harmful Lineages is Associated with Established Rheumatoid Arthritis" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4: 1044. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041044