Weed Flora and Soil Seed Bank Composition as Affected by Tillage System in Three-Year Crop Rotation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characteristics of the Experiment with Tillage Systems
2.2. Methods of Soil Treatment in Different Tillage Systems
2.3. Fertilization
2.4. Weed Control
2.5. Weed Flora Analysis
- before the crop harvest,
- after the crop harvest and soil operations in the plough and reduced tillage systems,
- before sowing of winter wheat, after pre-sowing soil treatment in the plough and reduced tillage systems,
- late autumn, during the tillering stage of winter wheat,
- spring, for winter wheat after the start of the growing season, for spring wheat in the tillering stage.
2.6. Soil Seed Bank Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analyses
2.7.1. Diversity Indicators
2.7.2. Similarity Indices
- A—the number of species in one of the two communities compared,
- B—the number of species in the second community compared,
- C—the number of common species in the compared communities.
- Nt—sum of the smallest numbers of common species in the compared variants,
- Na—the number of all weeds in one of the compared variants,
- Nb—the number of all weeds in the second variant compared.
2.7.3. Assessment of the Significance of Differences
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Above-Ground Weed Flora in the Different Tillage Systems
3.2. Soil Seed Bank in Different Soil Tillage Systems
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Month | Temperature (°C) | Precipitation (mm) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010/2011 | 2011/2012 | 2012/2013 | Mean from the Long-Term Period | 2010/2011 | 2011/2012 | 2012/2013 | Mean from the Long-Term Period | |
IX | 12.0 | 14.9 | 14.7 | 13.2 | 128.7 | 3.6 | 29.2 | 62.4 |
X | 5.5 | 7.3 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 13.5 | 28.2 | 54.8 | 29.1 |
XI | 6.5 | 1.7 | 4.9 | 3.3 | 65.6 | 2.3 | 22.2 | 21.8 |
XII | −4.6 | 1.8 | −4.4 | 0.6 | 32.2 | 50.8 | 3.3 | 23.1 |
I | −1.5 | −2.7 | −3.9 | −1.6 | 27.1 | 25.3 | 66.7 | 40.2 |
II | −4.7 | −8.3 | −0.5 | −3.1 | 20.2 | 21.3 | 9.0 | 20.8 |
III | 1.7 | 3.9 | −2.6 | 3.1 | 13.0 | 29.6 | 32.6 | 35.4 |
IV | 9.7 | 9.3 | 8.5 | 9.2 | 30.2 | 51.8 | 54.3 | 35.3 |
V | 13.4 | 14.5 | 15.2 | 13.9 | 26.1 | 66.0 | 118.8 | 88.5 |
VI | 17.7 | 17.5 | 18.4 | 17.3 | 83.7 | 110.9 | 106.7 | 82.4 |
VII | 18.7 | 20.8 | 18.6 | 19.1 | 214.0 | 34.3 | 62.5 | 93.8 |
VIII | 18.5 | 18.7 | 18.7 | 18.8 | 46.0 | 71.4 | 33.1 | 65.0 |
Mean temperature—8.5 °C | Sum of precipitation—598 mm |
Growing Seasons | Wheat I and II | Growing Seasons | Pea/Rape |
---|---|---|---|
2009/2010 2010/2011 | pre-sowing: phosphorus (P2O5)—72, potassium (K2O)–72, nitrogen (NH4)–24, S (SO3)–27; top dressing with nitrogen (NH4NO3)–160, including: start of vegetation in spring–70, shooting at the blade–50, heading–40. | 2010 | Pea: pre-sowing: phosphorus (P2O5)—72; potassium (K2O)—72; nitrogen (NH4)—24; S (SO3)—27; in spring immediately before sowing pea—N (NH4NO3)—20. |
2011 | Pea: pre-sowing: phosphorus (P2O5)—72; potassium (K2O)—72; nitrogen (NH4)—24; S (SO3)—27; in spring immediately before sowing pea—N (NH4NO3)—20. | ||
2011/2012 | winter wheat froze out and was replaced by spring wheat. pre-sowing: phosphorus (P2O5)—60, potassium (K2O)—60, nitrogen (NH4)—20, S (SO3)—23.5; top dressing with nitrogen (NH4NO3)—160, including: starting vegetation in spring—80, shooting at the blade—50, heading—40. | 2011/2012 | Winter rape: pre-sowing: phosphorus (P2O5)—60; potassium (K2O)—60; nitrogen (NH4)—20; S (SO3)—23.5; top dressing with nitrogen (NH4NO3)—160, including: starting vegetation in spring—100, budding phase—60. |
2012/2013 | pre-sowing: phosphorus (P2O5)—60, potassium (K2O)—60, nitrogen (NH4)—20, S (SO3)—23.5; top dressing with nitrogen (NH4NO3)—140, including: starting vegetation in spring—80, shooting at the blade—60. | 2012/2013 | Winter rape: pre-sowing: phosphorus (P2O5)—60; potassium (K2O)—60; nitrogen (NH4)—20; S (SO3)—23.5; top dressing with nitrogen (NH4NO3)—160, including: starting vegetation in spring—100, budding phase—60. |
Growing Seasons | Wheat I and II | Growing Seasons | Pea/Rape |
---|---|---|---|
2009/2010 | Roundup 360 SL (glyphosate 360 g l−1; 28.77%)—1 × 3.0 l ha−1 Lintur 70WG (dicamba 65.9%, triasulfuron 4.1%)—1 × 0, 15 l ha−1 + Axial 100EC (pinoxaden 100 g l−1)—1 × 0.3 l ha−1 | 2010 | Pea: Barox 460 SL (bentazone 400 g l−1; MCPA 60 g l−1)—1 × 2.5 l ha−1 Roundup 360 SL (glyphosate 360 g l−1; 28.77%)—1 × 4.0 l ha−1 (desiccation of peas) |
2010/2011 | Roundup Energy 450 SL (glyphosate 450 g l−1; 34.5%)—1 × 3.0 l ha−1 Maraton 375 SC (pendimethalin 250 g l−1; isoproturon 125 g l−1)—1 × 2.5 l ha−1 Granstar 75 WG (methyl tribenuron 75%)—1 × 15 g ha−1 + Starane 250 EC (fluroxypyr 250 g l−1; 24.77%)—1 × 0.3 l ha−1 | 2011 | Pea: Basagran 480 SL (bentazone 480 g l−1)—1 × 2.5 l ha−1 Roundup 360 SL (glyphosate 360 g l−1; 28.7%)—1 × 4.0 l ha−1) (desiccation of peas) |
2011/2012 | Puma Universal 069 EW (fenoxaprop-P-ethyl 69 g l−1)—1.0 l ha−1 + Mustang 306 SE (2,4-D 300 g l−1, florasulam 6.25 g l−1)—1 × 0.8 l ha−1 | 2011/2012 | Winter rape: Butisan Star 416 SC (metazachlor 333 g l−1; quinmerac 83 g l−1)—1 × 2.0 l ha−1 + Command 480 EC (clomazone 480 g l−1)—1 × 0.15 l ha−1 Targa Super 05 EC (quizalofop 5%)—1 × 0.7 l ha−1 |
2012/2013 | Roundup Energy 450 SL (glyphosate 450 g l−1; 51%)—1 × 3.0 l ha−1 Axial 100EC ((pinoxaden 100 g l−1)—1 × 0.4 l ha−1 Granstar 75 WG (methyl tribenuron 75%)—1 × 10 g ha−1 + Starane 250 EC ((2,4-D 300 g l−1, florasulam 6.25 g l−1)—1 × 0.2 l ha−1 | 2012/2013 | Winter rape: Roundup 360 SL (glyphosate 360 g l−1; 28.77%)—1 × 4.0 l ha−1 Targa Super 05 EC (quizalofop 5%)—1 × 0.7 l ha−1)—1 × 0.6 l ha−1 Butisan Star 416 SC (metazachlor 333 g l−1; quinmerac 83 g l−1—1 × 1.2 l ha−1 + Navigator 360 SL (clopyralid 240 g l−1 20.31%; picloram 80 g l−1, 6.77%, aminopyralid 40 g l−1 3.38%)—1 × 0.2 l ha−1 |
Weed Species | A/P * | Tillage System | Mean | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct Sowing | Reduced Tillage | Plough | ||||
1. | Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve | A | 5.70 | 8.90 | 7.73 | 7.443 |
2. | Viola arvensis Murray | A | 3.80 | 4.25 | 3.83 | 3.960 |
3. | Galium aparine L. | A | 6.14 | 2.60 | 1.48 | 3.406 |
4. | Galeopsis tetrahit L. | A | 1.50 | 2.26 | 4.03 | 2.597 |
5. | Veronica persica Poir. I | A | 4.85 I | 1.10 I | 0.10 I | 2.011 I |
6. | Chenopodium album L. | A | 0.84 | 3.05 | 0.78 | 1.555 |
7. | Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik | A | 2.74 | 0.42 | 0.50 | 1.219 |
8. | Stellaria media (L.) Vill. | A | 0.35 | 0.41 | 0.73 | 0.496 |
9. | Fumaria officinalis L. | A | 0.36 | 0.53 | 0.45 | 0.444 |
10. | Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Schultz-Bip. | A | 0.16 | 0.63 | 0.48 | 0.422 |
11. | Brassica napus L. | A | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.70 | 0.267 |
12. | Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl | A | 0.31 | 0.37 | 0.08 | 0.250 |
13. | Apera spica-venti L. | A | 0.18 | 0.43 | 0.13 | 0.244 |
14. | Galinsoga parviflora Cav. I | A | 0.01 I | 0.63 I | 0.00 I | 0.211 I |
15. | Thlaspi arvense L. | A | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.31 | 0.183 |
16. | Erigeron annuus L. II | A | 0.14 II | 0.19 II | 0.19 II | 0.175 II |
17. | Lamium purpureum L. | A | 0.38 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.154 |
18. | Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. I | A | 0.28 I | 0.05 I | 0.11 I | 0.144 I |
19. | Geranium pussillum Burm. F. ex L. | A | 0.35 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.128 |
20. | Polygonum aviculare L. | A | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.072 |
21. | Equisetum arvense L. | P | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.071 |
22. | Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. I | A | 0.16 I | 0.02 I | 0.02 I | 0.064 I |
23. | Consolida regalis S.F. Gray | A | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.064 |
24. | Sinapis arvensis L. | A | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.061 |
25. | Euphorbia helioscopia L. | A | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.056 |
26. | Avena fatua L. I | A | 0.01 I | 0.08 I | 0.01 I | 0.033 I |
27. | Convolvulus arvensis L. | P | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.033 |
28. | Sonchus arvensis L. | P | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.028 |
29. | Paphaver rhoeas L. | A | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.028 |
30. | Polygonum persicaria L. | A | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.025 |
31. | Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. | P | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.022 |
32. | Plantago major L. | P | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.019 |
33. | Anthemis arvensis L. | A | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.019 |
34. | Erodium cicutarium (L.) L`Her | A | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.019 |
35. | Mercurialis annua L. | A | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.019 |
36. | Centaurea cyanus L. | A | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.014 |
37. | Lamium amplexicaule L. | A | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.011 |
38. | Taraxacum officinale Weber | P | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.008 |
39. | Gnaphalium uliginosum L. | A | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.008 |
40. | Poa annua L. | A | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.008 |
41. | Plantago lanceolata L. | P | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.006 |
42. | Anagallis arvensis L. | A | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.006 |
43. | Veronica hederifolia L. | A | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.006 |
44. | Raphanus raphanistrum L. | A | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.006 |
45. | Senecio vulgaris L. | A | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.006 |
46. | Rumex obtusifolius L. | P | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.006 |
47. | Melandrium album (Mill.) Garcke | A | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.003 |
48. | Lapsana communis L. | A | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.003 |
49. | Arctium lappa L. | A | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.003 |
50. | Sonchus oleraceus L. | A | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.003 |
Sum | 29.17 | 26.73 | 22.22 | 26.04 | ||
Total number of species | 39 | 38 | 40 | 50 | ||
Shannon’s diversity index (H’) | 2.28 | 2.56 | 2.35 | 2.58 | ||
Simpson’s dominance index (SI) | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.11 |
Species | Direct Sowing | Reduced Tillage | Plough |
---|---|---|---|
Dominant | Galium aparine L Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve Veronica persica Poir. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik | Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve Viola arvensis Murray | Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve Galeopsis tetrahit L. |
Occurring more abundantly than in other tillage systems | Lamium purpureum L. Geranium pussillum Burm. F. ex L. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. Equisetum arvense L. Plantago major L. Sonchus arvensis L. | Chenopodium album L. Fumaria officinalis L. Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Schultz-Bip. Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl Apera spica-venti L. Galinsoga parviflora Cav Consolida regalis S.F. Gray | Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Thlaspi arvense L. Sinapis arvensis L. Anthemis arvensis L. Brassica napus L. volunteers |
Occurring only in a given tillage system (characteristic or incidental species) | Sonchus oleraceus L. Melandrium album (Mill.) GarckeAnagallis arvensis L. | Veronica hederifolia L. Raphanus raphanistrum L. | Polygonum persicaria L. Rumex obtusifolius L. Lapsana communis L. Arctium lappa L. |
Sorensen’s Quantitative Similarity Index (%) | Sorensen’s Qualitative Similarity Indices (%) | |||
Direct Sowing | Reduced Tillage | Plough | ||
Direct sowing | - | 81 | 79 | |
Reduced tillage | 55 | - | 80 | |
Plough | 42 | 63 | - |
Weed Species | A/P * | Tillage System | Mean | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct Sowing | Reduced Tillage | Plough | ||||
1. | Viola arvensis Murray | A | 1160.0 | 1631.1 | 342.2 | 1044.4 |
2. | Apera spica-venti L. | A | 1340.0 | 720.0 | 217.8 | 759.3 |
3. | Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik | A | 1822.2 | 97.8 | 208.9 | 709.6 |
4. | Veronica persica Poir. I | A | 942.2 I | 293.3 I | 31.1 I | 422.2 I |
5. | Chenopodium album L. | A | 173.3 | 444.4 | 208.9 | 275.6 |
6. | Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve | A | 102.2 | 368.9 | 226.7 | 232.6 |
7. | Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Schultz-Bip. | A | 204.4 | 164.4 | 328.9 | 232.6 |
8. | Fumaria officinalis L. | A | 351.1 | 115.6 | 31.1 | 165.9 |
9. | Galeopsis tetrahit L. | A | 40.0 | 195.6 | 142.2 | 125.9 |
10. | Stellaria media (L.) Vill. | A | 115.6 | 142.2 | 115.6 | 124.4 |
11. | Thlaspi arvense L. | A | 13.3 | 8.9 | 128.9 | 50.4 |
12. | Galium aparine L. | A | 44.4 | 75.6 | 26.7 | 48.9 |
13. | Consolida regalis S.F. Gray | A | 26.7 | 97.8 | 0.0 | 41.5 |
14. | Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist IV | A | 31.1 IV | 35.6 IV | 22.2 IV | 29.6 IV |
15. | Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beaur. I | A | 8.9 I | 26.7 I | 4.4 I | 13.3 I |
16. | Gnaphalium uliginosum L. | A | 4.4 | 17.8 | 13.3 | 11.9 |
17. | Sonchus arvensis L. | P | 22.2 | 8.9 | 0.0 | 10.4 |
18. | Plantago major L. | P | 17.8 | 8.9 | 4.4 | 10.4 |
19. | Paphaver rhoeas L. | A | 13.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 7.4 |
20. | Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl | A | 13.3 | 4.4 | 0.0 | 5.9 |
21. | Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. | P | 8.9 | 8.9 | 0.0 | 5.9 |
22. | Erodium cicutarium (L.) L`Her | A | 8.9 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 5.9 |
23. | Lamium amplexicaule L. | A | 8.9 | 0.0 | 4.4 | 4.4 |
24. | Brassica napus L. | A | 0.0 | 8.9 | 4.4 | 4.4 |
25. | Spergula arvensis L. | A | 8.9 | 4.4 | 0.0 | 4.4 |
26. | Taraxacum officinale Weber | P | 0.0 | 8.9 | 0.0 | 3.0 |
27. | Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill | A | 0.0 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 3.0 |
28. | Amaranthus retroflexus L. I | A | 8.9 I | 0.0 I | 0.0 I | 3.0 I |
29. | Lapsana communis L. | A | 4.4 | 0.0 | 4.4 | 3.0 |
30. | Sinapis arvensis L. | A | 8.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 |
31. | Veronica arvensis L. | A | 0.0 | 4.4 | 0.0 | 1.5 |
32. | Geranium pussillum Burm. F. ex L. | A | 4.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.5 |
33. | Melandrium album (Mill.) Garcke | A | 4.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.5 |
34. | Galinsoga parviflora Cav. I | A | 4.4 I | 0.0 I | 0.0 I | 1.5 I |
35. | Plantago lanceolata L. | P | 0.0 | 4.4 | 0.0 | 1.5 |
36. | Euphorbia helioscopia L. | A | 0.0 | 4.4 | 0.0 | 1.5 |
Sum | 6518 | 4515 | 2080 | 4371 | ||
Total number of species | 30 | 29 | 22 | 36 | ||
Shannon’s diversity index (H’) | 2.04 | 2.18 | 2.41 | 2.32 | ||
Simpson’s dominance index (SI) | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.14 |
Sorensen’s Quantitative Similarity Index (%) | Sorensen’s Qualitative Similarity Index (%) | |||
Direct sowing | Reduced tillage | Plough | ||
Direct sowing | - | 78 | 77 | |
Reduced tillage | 57 | - | 78 | |
Plough | 36 | 51 | - |
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Feledyn-Szewczyk, B.; Smagacz, J.; Kwiatkowski, C.A.; Harasim, E.; Woźniak, A. Weed Flora and Soil Seed Bank Composition as Affected by Tillage System in Three-Year Crop Rotation. Agriculture 2020, 10, 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10050186
Feledyn-Szewczyk B, Smagacz J, Kwiatkowski CA, Harasim E, Woźniak A. Weed Flora and Soil Seed Bank Composition as Affected by Tillage System in Three-Year Crop Rotation. Agriculture. 2020; 10(5):186. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10050186
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeledyn-Szewczyk, Beata, Janusz Smagacz, Cezary A. Kwiatkowski, Elżbieta Harasim, and Andrzej Woźniak. 2020. "Weed Flora and Soil Seed Bank Composition as Affected by Tillage System in Three-Year Crop Rotation" Agriculture 10, no. 5: 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10050186