Biofertilizer-Based Zinc Application Enhances Maize Growth, Gas Exchange Attributes, and Yield in Zinc-Deficient Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Soil and Location
2.2. Experimental Soil Characterization
2.3. Pot Preparation by Addition of Zn and AMF
2.4. Moisture Maintenance and Fertilizer Addition
2.5. Seeds Sowing and Thinning
2.6. Morphological Attributes
2.7. Yield Parameters
2.8. Gas Exchange Attributes
2.9. Total Soluble Protein (TSP)
2.10. AMF Colonization Determination/Measurement
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Root Colonization
3.2. Plant Height
3.3. Stem Girth
3.4. Number of Leaves
3.5. Cob Weight
3.6. Cob Length
3.7. 1000-Grain Weight
3.8. Grain Yield
3.9. Photosynthetic Rate
3.10. Transpiration Rate
3.11. Stomatal Conductance
3.12. Total Soluble Protein Concentration in Leaves
3.13. Pearson Correlation and Principal Component Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Plant Height (cm) | Stem Girth (cm) | No. of Leaves | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AM | NM | AM | NM | AM | NM | |
Control (Zn0) | 160c | 147d | 2.7ab | 2.6bc | 9.3c | 8.3de |
Zn20 | 184a | 158c | 2.8a | 2.7cd | 12.6a | 9.3c |
Zn40 | 182ab | 176b | 2.6b | 2.5b | 12.0a | 11.0b |
Zn60 | 149d | 136e | 2.5d | 2.4e | 9.1cd | 8.5cde |
Zn80 | 138ef | 118gh | 2.4e | 2.3f | 9.0cd | 8.0ef |
Zn100 | 132ef | 113h | 2.3f | 2.1g | 8.3de | 7.3fg |
Zn120 | 124g | 111fh | 2.2g | 1.9h | 7.3fg | 7.0f |
AM | *** | *** | *** | |||
Zinc | *** | *** | *** | |||
AM*Zn | * | *** | ** |
Treatment | Cob Weight (g) | Cob Length (cm) | 1000-Grain Weight (g) | Biological Yield (t/ha) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AM | NM | AM | NM | AM | NM | AM | NM | |
Control (Zn0) | 227.6bc | 210.6d | 16.5a | 15.2ef | 152d | 138g | 4.17c | 3.79d |
Zn20 | 232.6ab | 222.6c | 20.8a | 16.4d | 168a | 143f | 5.93a | 4.30c |
Zn40 | 237.6a | 227.6bc | 17.7c | 19.5b | 163b | 158c | 5.21ab | 5.06b |
Zn60 | 224.6c | 214.6d | 15.5e | 14.5f | 158c | 158c | 5.00c | 4.88e |
Zn80 | 211.6d | 201.6e | 15.5e | 14.5f | 138g | 146e | 4.76ef | 4.03gh |
Zn100 | 203.3e | 176g | 15.5e | 14.5f | 132h | 122i | 3.78ef | 16.13h |
Zn120 | 190f | 139h | 14.5f | 13.4g | 128hi | 117j | 3.72fg | 3.82h |
AM | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||||
Zinc | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||||
AM*Zn | *** | *** | *** | * |
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Saboor, A.; Ali, M.A.; Ahmed, N.; Skalicky, M.; Danish, S.; Fahad, S.; Hassan, F.; Hassan, M.M.; Brestic, M.; EL Sabagh, A.; et al. Biofertilizer-Based Zinc Application Enhances Maize Growth, Gas Exchange Attributes, and Yield in Zinc-Deficient Soil. Agriculture 2021, 11, 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040310
Saboor A, Ali MA, Ahmed N, Skalicky M, Danish S, Fahad S, Hassan F, Hassan MM, Brestic M, EL Sabagh A, et al. Biofertilizer-Based Zinc Application Enhances Maize Growth, Gas Exchange Attributes, and Yield in Zinc-Deficient Soil. Agriculture. 2021; 11(4):310. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040310
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaboor, Abdul, Muhammad Arif Ali, Niaz Ahmed, Milan Skalicky, Subhan Danish, Shah Fahad, Fahmy Hassan, Mohamed M. Hassan, Marian Brestic, Ayman EL Sabagh, and et al. 2021. "Biofertilizer-Based Zinc Application Enhances Maize Growth, Gas Exchange Attributes, and Yield in Zinc-Deficient Soil" Agriculture 11, no. 4: 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040310