Phenotypic Characterisation for Growth and Nut Characteristics Revealed the Extent of Genetic Diversity in Wild Macadamia Germplasm
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site and Materials
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Variation in Growth and Nut Traits
3.2. Correlation among Growth and Nut Traits
3.3. Principal Component Analysis
3.4. Effect of Geographic Distribution on Morphological Traits
4. Discussion
4.1. Variation in Growth and Nut Traits
4.2. Correlations among Phenotypic Traits
4.3. Relationship between Phenotypic Traits and Geographic Distribution
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characters | Admixture | M. integrifolia | M. tetraphylla | M. ternifolia | M. jansenii | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Growth traits: | N | 13 | 119 | 107 | 5 | N/A |
HGT (cm) | Mean | 481.5 a | 476.7 a | 446.4 b | 329.2 c | N/A |
SE | 19.6 | 7.1 | 7.6 | 32.1 | N/A | |
Min | 353.2 | 302.5 | 349.6 | 287.1 | N/A | |
Max | 613.5 | 629.3 | 597.3 | 366.2 | N/A | |
TC (cm) | Mean | 54.0 a | 52.8 a | 46.3 b | 27.5 c | N/A |
SE | 2.8 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 4.6 | N/A | |
Min | 35.4 | 31.9 | 26.9 | 23.1 | N/A | |
Max | 78.4 | 71.8 | 66.3 | 30.0 | N/A | |
CL (cm) | Mean | 456.2 a | 383.1 b | 355.5 c | 245.3 d | N/A |
SE | 20.5 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 33.7 | N/A | |
Min | 332.9 | 221.7 | 256.1 | 189.7 | N/A | |
Max | 622.6 | 503.3 | 527.9 | 295.8 | N/A | |
CW (cm) | Mean | 407.1 a | 387 a | 352.6 b | 244.5 c | N/A |
SE | 18.1 | 6.6 | 7.1 | 29.8 | N/A | |
Min | 317.1 | 252.6 | 253.7 | 173.3 | N/A | |
Max | 515.4 | 522.5 | 471.8 | 306.8 | N/A | |
Nut traits: | N | 12 | 117 | 53 | 3 | 3 |
NWt (g) | Mean | 7.08 a | 6.68 a | 6.33 a | 1.32 b | 1.99 b |
SE | 0.50 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.97 | 0.89 | |
Min | 5.89 | 4.3 | 4.58 | 1.17 | 1.81 | |
Max | 9.96 | 9.15 | 9.22 | 1.49 | 2.22 | |
NL (mm) | Mean | 25.7 a | 23.78 b | 25.7 a | 14.67 d | 18.61 c |
SE | 0.66 | 0.26 | 1.16 | 1.29 | 0.34 | |
Min | 23.75 | 20.91 | 22.73 | 13.56 | 17.35 | |
Max | 29.44 | 25.98 | 29.94 | 15.23 | 19.58 | |
NW (mm) | Mean | 24.65 a | 23.3 b | 23.59 ab | 13.69 c | 15.46 c |
SE | 0.64 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 1.24 | 1.09 | |
Min | 23.42 | 20.59 | 21.63 | 12.70 | 15.21 | |
Max | 26.83 | 25.26 | 26.48 | 14.26 | 15.71 | |
STH (mm) | Mean | 5.49 a | 5.89 a | 6.04 a | 2.31 b | 3.72 b |
SE | 0.28 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.54 | 0.49 | |
Min | 4.85 | 4.59 | 4.71 | 2.16 | 3.18 | |
Max | 6.78 | 8.02 | 8.12 | 2.41 | 4.12 | |
STE (mm) | Mean | 2.54 b | 2.96 a | 2.68 b | 1.51 c | 1.68 c |
SE | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.33 | 0.31 | |
Min | 1.76 | 2.10 | 2.14 | 1.24 | 1.52 | |
Max | 3.10 | 4.49 | 3.75 | 1.78 | 1.87 | |
SWt (g) | Mean | 4.81 a | 4.75 a | 4.56 a | 0.82 b | 1.22 b |
SE | 0.40 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.78 | 0.72 | |
Min | 3.70 | 3.10 | 2.94 | 0.67 | 1.10 | |
Max | 6.45 | 7.13 | 7.20 | 0.96 | 1.43 | |
KWt (g) | Mean | 2.02 a | 1.55 b | 1.62 b | 0.52 c | 0.58 c |
SE | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.23 | |
Min | 1.60 | 0.92 | 1.03 | 0.48 | 0.53 | |
Max | 2.85 | 2.36 | 2.53 | 0.57 | 0.66 | |
KR (%) | Mean | 29.0 a | 24.3 b | 25.2 b | 34.7 a | 30.9 a |
SE | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 2.7 | 2.5 | |
Min | 24.0 | 18.5 | 16.6 | 32.5 | 29.8 | |
Max | 32.7 | 32.4 | 33.1 | 37.8 | 33.0 |
Variable | VG ± SE * | VE ± SE | H |
---|---|---|---|
HGT | 3811.9 ± 444.0 | 2528.3 ± 156.3 | 0.60 |
TC | 72.6 ± 9.0 | 60.9 ± 3.8 | 0.54 |
CL | 3973.1 ± 492.1 | 3187.6 ± 198.4 | 0.55 |
CW | 2929.5 ± 380.1 | 2851.7 ± 177.0 | 0.51 |
NWt | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.59 |
NL | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 0.50 |
NW | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.8 ± 0.3 | 0.43 |
STH | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 0.58 |
STE | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.64 |
SWt | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.62 |
KWt | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.61 |
KR | 13.6 ± 2.3 | 9.4 ± 1.2 | 0.59 |
HGT | TC | CL | CW | NWt | NL | NW | STH | STE | SWt | KWt | KR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TC | 0.76 | |||||||||||
CL | 0.49 | 0.65 | ||||||||||
CW | 0.57 | 0.65 | 0.71 | |||||||||
NWt | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.30 | 0.29 | ||||||||
NL | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.14 ns | 0.73 | |||||||
NW | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.88 | 0.87 | ||||||
STH | 0.32 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.68 | 0.73 | 0.68 | |||||
STE | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.67 | 0.37 | 0.49 | 0.68 | ||||
SWt | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.95 | 0.69 | 0.81 | 0.72 | 0.75 | |||
KWt | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.74 | 0.65 | 0.76 | 0.29 | 0.11 ns | 0.60 | ||
KR | −0.21 | −0.21 | −0.07 ns | −0.21 | −0.28 | −0.19 | −0.22 | −0.57 | −0.7 | −0.43 | 0.32 |
Traits | Variance Component | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site | Site (Accession) | Site: Year | ||||
Estimate ± SE | % Variation | Estimate ± SE | % Variation | Estimate ± SE | % Variation | |
M. integrifolia | ||||||
HGT | 437.2 ± 404.7 | 5.9 | 2887.2 ± 620.4 | 38.9 | 0.0 ± NA | 0.0 |
TC | 14.0 ± 9.6 | 9.8 | 47.2 ± 11.6 | 32.9 | 0.0 ± NA | 0.0 |
CL | 58.1 ± 339.3 | 0.8 | 3059.0 ± 672.6 | 42.0 | 0.0 ± NA | 0.0 |
CW | 61.2 ± 324.9 | 0.9 | 2900.2 ± 633.7 | 43.4 | 0.9 ± NA | 0.0 |
NWt | 0.85 ± 0.45 | 27.1 | 0.98 ± 0.27 | 31.5 | 0.36 ± 0.27 | 11.5 |
NL | 0.57 ± 0.57 | 12.1 | 1.48 ± 0.45 | 31.6 | 0.53 ± 0.48 | 11.3 |
NW | 0.83 ± 0.66 | 16.4 | 1.11 ± 0.45 | 21.9 | 0.64 ± 0.54 | 12.6 |
STH | 0.18 ± 0.09 | 19.4 | 0.33 ± 0.1 | 35.6 | 0.00 ± NA | 0.0 |
STE | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 17.3 | 0.19 ± 0.04 | 49.2 | 0.00 ± 0.02 | 0.5 |
SWt | 0.55 ± 0.29 | 26.2 | 0.76 ± 0.19 | 36.5 | 0.21 ± 0.17 | 9.9 |
KWt | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 23.8 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 39.3 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 3.2 |
KR | 0.20 ± 1.83 | 1.0 | 13.54 ± 2.68 | 68.5 | 1.48 ± 1.40 | 7.5 |
M. tetraphylla | ||||||
HGT | 929.7 ± 567.5 | 14.5 | 2979.5 ± 630.0 | 46.5 | 0 ± NA | 0.0 |
TC | 6.7 ± 9.0 | 5.7 | 64.7 ± 13.6 | 54.5 | 0 ± NA | 0.0 |
CL | 137.2 ± 489.8 | 2.0 | 4111.7 ± 842.6 | 58.5 | 0 ± NA | 0.0 |
CW | 193.2 ± 330.0 | 3.7 | 2481.4 ± 554.4 | 47.0 | 0 ± NA | 0.0 |
NWt | 0.33 ± 0.45 | 10.1 | 0.77 ± 0.61 | 23.7 | 0 ± NA | 0.0 |
NL | 0.96 ± 1.1 | 12.8 | 1.82 ± 1.45 | 24.3 | 0 ± NA | 0.0 |
NW | 0 ± NA | 0.0 | 0.76 ± 1.09 | 12.9 | 0 ± NA | 0.0 |
STH | 0.13 ± 0.19 | 13.0 | 0.48 ± 0.22 | 47.0 | 0 ± NA | 0.0 |
STE | 0 ± NA | 0.0 | 0.14 ± 0.05 | 45.4 | 0 ± NA | 0.0 |
SWt | 0 ± NA | 0.0 | 0.89 ± 0.38 | 45.1 | 0 ± NA | 0.0 |
KWt | 0.04 ± 0.05 | 12.3 | 0.08 ± 0.06 | 28.0 | 0.02 ± 0.05 | 5.9 |
KR | 4.11 ± 8.87 | 12.0 | 2.21 ± 4.29 | 6.5 | 9.58 ± 9.7 | 28.0 |
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Mai, T.T.P.; Hardner, C.M.; Alam, M.M.; Henry, R.J.; Topp, B.L. Phenotypic Characterisation for Growth and Nut Characteristics Revealed the Extent of Genetic Diversity in Wild Macadamia Germplasm. Agriculture 2021, 11, 680. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070680
Mai TTP, Hardner CM, Alam MM, Henry RJ, Topp BL. Phenotypic Characterisation for Growth and Nut Characteristics Revealed the Extent of Genetic Diversity in Wild Macadamia Germplasm. Agriculture. 2021; 11(7):680. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070680
Chicago/Turabian StyleMai, Thuy T. P., Craig M. Hardner, Mobashwer M. Alam, Robert J. Henry, and Bruce L. Topp. 2021. "Phenotypic Characterisation for Growth and Nut Characteristics Revealed the Extent of Genetic Diversity in Wild Macadamia Germplasm" Agriculture 11, no. 7: 680. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070680