AMMI Analysis of the Effects of Different Insecticidal Treatments against Agrotis spp. on the Technological Yield from Sugar Beet
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Trial Site
2.2. Plant Material
2.3. Trial Design
- −
- Pest alert (S)—the first adult insects (moths) captured in traps/signs of caterpillar feeding,
- −
- Phenology (F)—calculation of the sum of effective temperatures (F1) and heat sums (F2),
- −
- Control plots, K (no pest control), K2 (plots were sprayed with water) [12].
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Results of AMMI Analysis
3.1.1. Root Weight
3.1.2. Polarization
3.1.3. Potassium (K) Molasses
3.1.4. Sodium (Na) Molasses
3.1.5. α-Amino-Nitrogen Molasses (N-Amino)
3.1.6. Technological Yield—White Sugar Yield
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The AMMI model can be a useful tool for detecting these interactions (TYI) and improving estimation accuracy. In the AMMI model, the obtained qualitative and quantitative parameters of yield can be grouped based on the similarity of the analysed trait and the identification of potential trends observed in the study years.
- The results of the analysis of variance of our study indicated that significant treatment × year interaction for all considered physiological traits in the experiment were occurred.
- Findings from this study indicate that environmental conditions, e.g., soil fertility, crop variety, and abiotic factors (such as temperature and rainfall), are very important parameters with a wide range of variability between the applied treatment variants, years, and their interactions. These significant interactions (TYI) suggest that it is possible to select stable variants of treatments over time.
- AMMI analysis used to estimate the interaction of treatments based on environmental conditions showed the additive effect of the applied treatments on the quality parameters of white sugar yield from sugar beet. These effects were demonstrated for polarization and the content of Na in molassigenic substances.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Source of Variation | d.f. | Root Weight | Polarization | Potassium Molasses | Sodium Molasses | α-Amino-Nitrogen | Technological Yield | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m.s. | ve | m.s. | ve | m.s. | ve | m.s. | ve | m.s. | ve | m.s. | ve | ||
Total | 159 | 34.26 | 1.86 | 103.91 | 1.98 | 72.11 | 6900 | ||||||
Treatments, T | 4 | 20.66 * | 1.5 | 0.55 | 0.7 | 8.52 | 0.2 | 0.42 | 0.5 | 22.86 | 0.8 | 5526 * | 2.0 |
Years, Y | 7 | 560.15 *** | 72.0 | 34.12 *** | 80.8 | 2032.30 *** | 86.1 | 35.99 *** | 80.1 | 1051.71 *** | 64.2 | 103,216 *** | 65.9 |
Block | 24 | 7.93 | 3.5 | 0.72 *** | 5.8 | 48.71 *** | 7.1 | 0.45 | 3.4 | 59.64 *** | 12.5 | 1988 | 4.4 |
TY Interactions | 28 | 16.35 ** | 8.4 | 0.50 ** | 4.7 | 12.27 * | 2.1 | 0.66 ** | 5.8 | 30.22 * | 7.4 | 4111 ** | 10.5 |
IPCA 1 | 10 | 37.30 *** | 81.4 | 1.09 *** | 78.0 | 19.90 ** | 57.9 | 1.44 *** | 78.5 | 49.19 ** | 58.2 | 9556 *** | 83.0 |
IPCA 2 | 8 | 8.06 * | 14.0 | 0.26 * | 15.1 | 10.89 * | 25.3 | 0.32 | 13.7 | 26.57 * | 25.2 | 1949 * | 13.5 |
IPCA 3 | 6 | 2.03 | 2.6 | 0.15 | 6.2 | 7.11 | 12.5 | 0.17 | 5.5 | 14.71 | 10.4 | 444 | 2.3 |
Residuals | 4 | 2.02 | 1.8 | 0.02 | 0.7 | 3.72 | 4.4 | 0.11 | 2.3 | 12.92 | 6.2 | 323 | 1.1 |
Error | 96 | 8.28 | 0.24 | 7.84 | 0.33 | 18.08 | 1976 |
Year | Treatment | Mean | IPCAe1 | IPCAe2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 # | F2 | K | K2 | S | ||||
2011 | 15.10 ± 0.65 | 14.46 ± 0.89 | 15.51 ± 2.46 | 15.01 ± 0.56 | 13.19 ± 1.21 | 14.65 ± 1.57 | −0.444 | −0.407 |
2012 | 23.80 ± 5.91 | 24.86 ± 5.12 | 22.77 ± 2.27 | 25.91 ± 5.56 | 23.38 ± 4.25 | 24.14 ± 4.91 | −1.099 | 0.589 |
2013 | 15.58 ± 2.72 | 15.32 ± 0.96 | 19.76 ± 3.38 | 14.98 ± 4.68 | 13.49 ± 1.38 | 15.82 ± 3.62 | 0.225 | −1.697 |
2014 | 9.93 ± 1.95 | 12.47 ± 2.61 | 12.40 ± 2.20 | 10.13 ± 1.47 | 11.15 ± 2.87 | 11.22 ± 2.52 | 0.053 | 0.247 |
2015 | 6.78 ± 1.21 | 6.78 ± 1.74 | 7.43 ± 0.48 | 6.49 ± 0.72 | 6.56 ± 1.38 | 6.81 ± 1.24 | −0.258 | 0.127 |
2016 | 16.90 ± 1.50 | 17.60 ± 2.26 | 19.25 ± 2.12 | 6.89 ± 1.23 | 16.27 ± 2.12 | 15.38 ± 4.75 | 2.716 | 0.487 |
2017 | 12.34 ± 0.85 | 12.50 ± 0.81 | 12.48 ± 1.52 | 13.74 ± 1.34 | 13.42 ± 0.90 | 12.89 ± 1.26 | −0.744 | 0.545 |
2018 | 8.60 ± 1.18 | 8.84 ± 0.24 | 9.14 ± 1.77 | 8.97 ± 3.49 | 8.29 ± 2.37 | 8.77 ± 2.14 | −0.448 | 0.109 |
Mean | 13.63 ± 5.69 | 14.10 ± 5.70 | 14.84 ± 5.52 | 12.76 ± 6.62 | 13.22 ± 5.34 | 13.71 ± 5.83 | - | - |
ASV | 2.800 | 3.379 | 7.665 | 15.618 | 2.291 | - | - | - |
IPCAg1 | 0.484 | 0.574 | 1.301 | −2.699 | 0.340 | - | - | - |
IPCAg2 | 0.034 | 0.630 | −1.437 | −0.405 | 1.178 | - | - | - |
Year | Treatment | Mean | IPCAe1 | IPCAe2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 # | F2 | K | K2 | S | ||||
2011 | 18.0 ± 0.4 | 17.9 ± 0.6 | 18.0 ± 0.2 | 18.1 ± 0.3 | 18.2 ± 0.3 | 18.1 ± 0.4 | 0.064 | −0.036 |
2012 | 14.4 ± 0.4 | 14.3 ± 0.5 | 14.9 ± 0.1 | 14.5 ± 0.6 | 14.5 ± 0.4 | 14.5 ± 0.5 | 0.119 | 0.244 |
2013 | 16.4 ± 0.9 | 16.0 ± 0.8 | 16.1 ± 0.6 | 16.4 ± 0,7 | 16.3 ± 0.7 | 16.2 ± 0.8 | −0.052 | 0.204 |
2014 | 16.4 ± 0.1 | 16.3 ± 0.4 | 16.2 ± 0.1 | 16.3 ± 0.7 | 16.2 ± 0.8 | 16.3 ± 0.5 | 0.052 | 0.312 |
2015 | 18.5 ± 0.8 | 18.4 ± 0.2 | 18.6 ± 0.3 | 18.8 ± 0.3 | 18.9 ± 0.5 | 18.7 ± 0.5 | −0.014 | −0.187 |
2016 | 17.3 ± 0.2 | 16.9 ± 0.6 | 17.3 ± 0.3 | 18.9 ± 0.6 | 17.3 ± 0.1 | 17.5 ± 0.8 | −1.038 | −0.306 |
2017 | 17.0 ± 0.5 | 16.8 ± 0.4 | 16.7 ± 0.7 | 16.7 ± 0.2 | 16.8 ± 0.2 | 16.8 ± 0.4 | 0.142 | 0.316 |
2018 | 17.4 ± 0.4 | 17.9 ± 0.7 | 17.7 ± 0.2 | 17.2 ± 0.3 | 18.5 ± 0.8 | 17.7 ± 0.7 | 0.726 | −0.547 |
Mean | 16.9 ± 1.3 | 16.8 ± 1.4 | 16.9 ± 1.2 | 17.1 ± 1.5 | 17.1 ± 1.5 | 17.0 ± 1.4 | - | - |
ASV | 0.569 | 2.169 | 0.88 | 5.647 | 2.567 | - | - | - |
IPCAg1 | 0.022 | 0.422 | 0.167 | −1.098 | 0.486 | - | - | - |
IPCAg2 | 0.557 | 0.037 | 0.191 | −0.203 | −0.581 | - | - | - |
Year | Treatment | Mean | IPCAe1 | IPCAe2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 # | F2 | K | K2 | S | ||||
2011 | 42.05 ± 1.86 | 41.88 ± 1.49 | 43.62 ± 2.75 | 40.60 ± 0.60 | 41.90 ± 2.99 | 42.01 ± 2.33 | −0.769 | 0.231 |
2012 | 56.38 ± 2.15 | 59.70 ± 5.91 | 53.65 ± 4.62 | 56.75 ± 4.95 | 54.50 ± 5.42 | 56.20 ± 5.23 | 0.608 | −1.850 |
2013 | 55.95 ± 3.50 | 59.42 ± 5.60 | 60.60 ± 6.24 | 57.38 ± 6.62 | 58.58 ± 8.14 | 58.38 ± 6.41 | −1.063 | 0.216 |
2014 | 36.83 ± 2.86 | 39.60 ± 3.04 | 41.23 ± 1.60 | 37.40 ± 1.37 | 36.00 ± 1.96 | 38.21 ± 2.97 | −1.304 | −0.238 |
2015 | 34.95 ± 1.34 | 35.90 ± 2.23 | 36.98 ± 2.22 | 38.00 ± 2.37 | 36.05 ± 0.55 | 36.38 ± 2.14 | 0.117 | 0.647 |
2016 | 30.73 ± 1.15 | 30.60 ± 1.00 | 29.23 ± 4.22 | 35.80 ± 0.67 | 32.07 ± 2.47 | 31.69 ± 3.22 | 1.648 | 0.730 |
2017 | 33.38 ± 5.11 | 32.55 ± 2.10 | 31.05 ± 2.55 | 33.58 ± 1.89 | 32.58 ± 2.17 | 32.62 ± 3.14 | 0.723 | −0.099 |
2018 | 44.29 ± 2.70 | 42.59 ± 1.56 | 43.81 ± 3.49 | 43.70 ± 2.42 | 43.00 ± 2.53 | 43.48 ± 2.68 | 0.040 | 0.362 |
Mean | 41.82 ± 9.68 | 42.78 ± 10.98 | 42.52 ± 10.64 | 42.90 ± 9.25 | 41.83 ± 10.10 | 42.37 ± 10.16 | - | - |
ASV | 1.144 | 1.917 | 4.644 | 3.665 | 1.059 | - | - | - |
IPCAg1 | 0.470 | −0.372 | −2.012 | 1.592 | 0.322 | - | - | - |
IPCAg2 | −0.411 | −1.720 | 0.796 | 0.570 | 0.766 | - | - | - |
Year | Treatment | Mean | IPCAe1 | IPCAe2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 # | F2 | K | K2 | S | ||||
2011 | 2.05 ± 0.52 | 2.00 ± 0.52 | 2.63 ± 0.98 | 1.88 ± 0.30 | 1.75 ± 0.26 | 2.06 ± 0.65 | 0.174 | −0.651 |
2012 | 4.03 ± 0.35 | 4.15 ± 0.96 | 3.80 ± 0.52 | 3.60 ± 0.22 | 4.10 ± 0.66 | 3.94 ± 0.64 | −0.097 | 0.237 |
2013 | 1.30 ± 0.32 | 1.30 ± 0.16 | 1.40 ± 0.19 | 1.85 ± 0.62 | 1.75 ± 0.15 | 1.52 ± 0.41 | 0.379 | 0.404 |
2014 | 2.30 ± 0.19 | 2.80 ± 0.21 | 2.98 ± 0.62 | 2.48 ± 0.25 | 2.58 ± 0.15 | 2.63 ± 0.41 | 0.005 | −0.321 |
2015 | 1.28 ± 0.24 | 1.35 ± 0.23 | 1.43 ± 0.08 | 1.35 ± 0.23 | 1.25 ± 0.15 | 1.33 ± 0.21 | 0.145 | −0.030 |
2016 | 2.23 ± 0.25 | 4.10 ± 1.82 | 2.17 ± 0.23 | 1.63 ± 0.63 | 2.30 ± 0.12 | 2.49 ± 1.21 | −1.218 | 0.082 |
2017 | 2.00 ± 0.37 | 1.95 ± 0.22 | 1.93 ± 0.26 | 2.13 ± 0.20 | 1.85 ± 0.15 | 1.97 ± 0.27 | 0.201 | 0.124 |
2018 | 5.50 ± 0.49 | 4.95 ± 0.51 | 5.34 ± 0.48 | 5.35 ± 0.59 | 5.43 ± 0.80 | 5.31 ± 0.62 | 0.411 | 0.155 |
Mean | 2.59 ± 1.41 | 2.83 ± 1.53 | 2.71 ± 1.34 | 2.53 ± 1.31 | 2.63 ± 1.39 | 2.66 ± 1.40 | - | - |
ASV | 0.869 | 6.725 | 1.599 | 3.69 | 0.874 | - | - | - |
IPCAg1 | 0.151 | −1.176 | 0.247 | 0.644 | 0.133 | - | - | - |
IPCAg2 | 0.072 | 0.023 | −0.745 | 0.222 | 0.428 | - | - | - |
Year | Treatment | Mean | IPCAe1 | IPCAe2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 # | F2 | K | K2 | S | ||||
2011 | 6.32 ± 1.29 | 6.46 ± 1.67 | 7.88 ± 1.97 | 6.98 ± 1.23 | 7.25 ± 1.71 | 6.97 ± 1.70 | 0.502 | 0.210 |
2012 | 24.82 ± 5.48 | 25.45 ± 6.31 | 23.88 ± 6.04 | 23.71 ± 4.96 | 21.71 ± 3.68 | 23.91 ± 5.52 | −0.052 | 0.409 |
2013 | 19.66 ± 8.57 | 20.18 ± 4.95 | 17.44 ± 5.82 | 17.84 ± 5.62 | 17.10 ± 5.65 | 18.45 ± 6.37 | −0.162 | 0.793 |
2014 | 11.43 ± 3.23 | 18.72 ± 4.47 | 19.71 ± 3.51 | 14.20 ± 3.78 | 14.94 ± 5.10 | 15.80 ± 5.08 | 0.865 | −1.524 |
2015 | 27.00 ± 9.61 | 27.25 ± 2.68 | 34.25 ± 7.93 | 30.35 ± 6.67 | 27.88 ± 3.37 | 29.35 ± 7.15 | 1.260 | −1.154 |
2016 | 17.77 ± 2.22 | 25.90 ± 8.56 | 15.13 ± 1.10 | 27.38 ± 5.23 | 17.90 ± 0.68 | 20.81 ± 6.73 | −2.866 | −0.804 |
2017 | 15.27 ± 3.00 | 13.78 ± 1.69 | 12.80 ± 1.67 | 14.18 ± 1.16 | 13.20 ± 1.56 | 13.84 ± 2.10 | −0.052 | 0.954 |
2018 | 26.34 ± 0.85 | 26.55 ± 1.27 | 25.50 ± 2.25 | 24.35 ± 1.48 | 28.80 ± 1.82 | 26.31 ± 2.18 | 0.505 | 1.115 |
Mean | 18.58 ± 8.71 | 20.54 ± 8.23 | 19.57 ± 8.91 | 19.87 ± 8.54 | 18.60 ± 7.63 | 19.43 ± 8.47 | - | - |
ASV | 1.996 | 3.212 | 5.598 | 4.223 | 1.745 | - | - | - |
IPCAg1 | 0.123 | −1.369 | 2.355 | −1.787 | 0.678 | - | - | - |
IPCAg2 | 1.976 | −0.551 | −1.313 | −0.880 | 0.768 | - | - | - |
Year | Treatment | Mean | IPCAe1 | IPCAe2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 # | F2 | K | K2 | S | ||||
2011 | 263.9 ± 15 | 251.0 ± 16 | 270.7 ± 47 | 264.1 ± 10 | 232.6 ± 22 | 256.5 ± 29 | 2.001 | −1.915 |
2012 | 328.5 ± 84 | 341.3 ± 77 | 324.8 ± 31 | 357.6 ± 69 | 325.2 ± 58 | 335.5 ± 68 | 3.751 | 1.555 |
2013 | 244.3 ± 56 | 232.1 ± 14 | 304.2 ± 48 | 234.0 ± 79 | 207.4 ± 30 | 244.4 ± 60 | −0.437 | −6.653 |
2014 | 154.4 ± 33 | 191.4 ± 38 | 189.7 ± 35 | 156.4 ± 29 | 169.7 ± 37 | 172.3 ± 38 | 0.057 | 1.255 |
2015 | 114.2 ± 28 | 112.5 ± 32 | 124.2 ± 10 | 109.1 ± 15 | 111.9 ± 27 | 114.4 ± 24 | 1.084 | 0.712 |
2016 | 282.0 ± 22 | 285.0 ± 27 | 322.9 ± 32 | 117.4 ± 21 | 272.6 ± 39 | 256.0 ± 77 | −11.105 | 1.388 |
2017 | 200.2 ± 11 | 200.8 ± 13 | 199.7 ± 21 | 221.0 ± 23 | 217.4 ± 12 | 207.8 ± 19 | 3.024 | 2.658 |
2018 | 136.0 ± 21 | 144.8 ± 7 | 148.1 ± 30 | 142.2 ± 62 | 137.9 ± 38 | 141.8 ± 37 | 1.626 | 1.000 |
Mean | 215.4 ± 82 | 219.9 ± 78 | 235.5 ± 82 | 200.2 ± 92 | 209.3 ± 74 | 216.1 ± 83 | - | - |
ASV | 13.24 | 13.04 | 31.55 | 66.46 | 10.59 | - | - | - |
IPCAg1 | −2.157 | −2.091 | −5.073 | 10.840 | −1.518 | - | - | - |
IPCAg2 | −0.594 | 2.374 | −5.366 | −1.464 | 5.050 | - | - | - |
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Bocianowski, J.; Wielkopolan, B.; Jakubowska, M. AMMI Analysis of the Effects of Different Insecticidal Treatments against Agrotis spp. on the Technological Yield from Sugar Beet. Agriculture 2022, 12, 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020157
Bocianowski J, Wielkopolan B, Jakubowska M. AMMI Analysis of the Effects of Different Insecticidal Treatments against Agrotis spp. on the Technological Yield from Sugar Beet. Agriculture. 2022; 12(2):157. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020157
Chicago/Turabian StyleBocianowski, Jan, Beata Wielkopolan, and Magdalena Jakubowska. 2022. "AMMI Analysis of the Effects of Different Insecticidal Treatments against Agrotis spp. on the Technological Yield from Sugar Beet" Agriculture 12, no. 2: 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020157