Heat Stress Characterization in a Dairy Cattle Intensive Production Cluster under Arid Land Conditions: An Annual, Seasonal, Daily, and Minute-To-Minute, Big Data Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Location of the Area of Study and Selected Representative Dairy Farms
2.2. Climate Data and THI
2.3. Days with Heat Stress Based on THI
2.4. Dynamic of the THI ≥ 68 Units according to Geographic Site, Year and Season
2.5. Relationship among the Daily Number of THI-Hours Causing Heat Stress across Years
2.6. Effect of THI Level on Milk Production
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Days with Heat Stress Based on THI
3.2. Difference in THI ≥ 68 by Geographical Site, Year and Season
3.2.1. Differences according to Geographical Site (Farm)
3.2.2. Differences across Years
3.2.3. Differences across Seasons
3.2.4. Representative Farm–Year Environmental Values in the Comarca Lagunera
3.3. Effect of THI Level on Milk Production
3.4. Relationship of Days with THI Levels with Heat Stress and the Year
3.4.1. Relationship among Years and the THI—TOE-HS1h Subclass
3.4.2. Relationship among Years and the THI—TOE-HS4h Subclass
3.4.3. Relationship among Years and the THI—TOE-HS8h Subclass
3.4.4. Relationship among Year–THI value at TOE-HS8h and TOE-HS 16h Subclass
4. Discussion
4.1. Days with Heat Stress Based on THI
4.2. Effect of Geographic Site, Month, Season, and Year upon Variability of THI Levels ≥ 68
4.2.1. Differences by Geographic Point (Farm)
4.2.2. Differences across Years, Seasons and Months
4.3. Relationship among THI Levels, Days with Heat Stress, across Years
4.4. Effect of THI Level on Milk Production
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Farm | Year | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |
Any THI value ≥ 68 | ||||||
Campanario | 303 | 325 | 325 | 297 | 321 | 317 |
Gilio | 303 | 308 | 327 | 294 | 321 | 314 |
Lucero | 303 | 309 | 325 | 291 | 317 | 309 |
Madero | 302 | 308 | 327 | 297 | 323 | 315 |
Noacan | nd | 308 | 327 | 294 | 323 | 323 |
THI 68–71 | ||||||
Campanario | 272 | 302 | 302 | 289 | 298 | 294 |
Gilio | 272 | 278 | 302 | 288 | 298 | 293 |
Lucero | 272 | 279 | 302 | 288 | 295 | 291 |
Madero | 272 | 278 | 302 | 289 | 298 | 335 |
Noacan | nd | 278 | 302 | 288 | 298 | 292 |
THI 72–76 | ||||||
Campanario | 186 | 220 | 220 | 201 | 211 | 219 |
Gilio | 186 | 201 | 220 | 200 | 211 | 218 |
Lucero | 186 | 202 | 221 | 201 | 196 | 213 |
Madero | 185 | 200 | 213 | 204 | 211 | 212 |
Noacan | nd | 200 | 213 | 204 | 208 | 210 |
THI 77–79 | ||||||
Campanario | 146 | 140 | 140 | 123 | 154 | 130 |
Gilio | 146 | 153 | 136 | 119 | 154 | 128 |
Lucero | 146 | 156 | 141 | 118 | 129 | 131 |
Madero | 143 | 149 | 134 | 124 | 140 | 105 |
Noacan | nd | 149 | 134 | 115 | 133 | 96 |
THI ≥ 80 | ||||||
Campanario | 51 | 44 | 44 | 15 | 32 | 20 |
Gilio | 47 | 54 | 37 | 24 | 32 | 28 |
Lucero | 49 | 64 | 46 | 25 | 6 | 25 |
Madero | 40 | 47 | 31 | 22 | 7 | 4 |
Noacan | nd | 45 | 30 | 20 | 13 | 4 |
Time Exposure (h) | Days | Months |
---|---|---|
1 | 21 | 10.5 |
6 | 17 | 8.4 |
12 | 15 | 7.7 |
18 | 14 | 7.1 |
24 | 12 | 6.0 |
THI level | ||
≥ 68 | 21 | 10.5 |
68–71 | 19 | 9.7 |
72–76 | 16 | 8.0 |
77–79 | 9 | 4.4 |
≥ 80 | 4 | 2.0 |
Season | Temperature (°C) | Relative Humidity (%) | THI (Units) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Avg | Max | Min | Avg | Max | Min | Avg | Max | Min | |
Winter | 19.18 | 34.10 | 1.10 | 34.91 | 99.00 | 2.00 | 61.88 | 75 | 35 |
Autumn | 21.39 | 34.20 | 6.10 | 49.77 | 96.00 | 0.00 | 66.00 | 80 | 43 |
Spring | 27.97 | 38.90 | 11.70 | 34.96 | 91.00 | 0.00 | 72.53 | 82 | 54 |
Summer | 27.97 | 38.1 | 18.3 | 52.59 | 100.00 | 15.00 | 74.77 | 82 | 64 |
TOE-HS (h) | Percentage |
---|---|
1 | 84.1 |
4 | 73.3 |
8 | 68.4 |
12 | 64.2 |
16 | 61.8 |
20 | 57.6 |
24 | 50.3 |
THI Level | Percentage |
---|---|
≥68 | 84.1 |
69–71 | 80.9 |
72–76 | 66.7 |
77–79 | 36.5 |
≥80 | 16.3 |
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Rodriguez-Venegas, R.; Meza-Herrera, C.A.; Robles-Trillo, P.A.; Angel-Garcia, O.; Rivas-Madero, J.S.; Rodriguez-Martínez, R. Heat Stress Characterization in a Dairy Cattle Intensive Production Cluster under Arid Land Conditions: An Annual, Seasonal, Daily, and Minute-To-Minute, Big Data Approach. Agriculture 2022, 12, 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060760
Rodriguez-Venegas R, Meza-Herrera CA, Robles-Trillo PA, Angel-Garcia O, Rivas-Madero JS, Rodriguez-Martínez R. Heat Stress Characterization in a Dairy Cattle Intensive Production Cluster under Arid Land Conditions: An Annual, Seasonal, Daily, and Minute-To-Minute, Big Data Approach. Agriculture. 2022; 12(6):760. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060760
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodriguez-Venegas, Rafael, Cesar A. Meza-Herrera, Pedro A. Robles-Trillo, Oscar Angel-Garcia, Jesus S. Rivas-Madero, and Rafael Rodriguez-Martínez. 2022. "Heat Stress Characterization in a Dairy Cattle Intensive Production Cluster under Arid Land Conditions: An Annual, Seasonal, Daily, and Minute-To-Minute, Big Data Approach" Agriculture 12, no. 6: 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060760