Bacillus aryabhattai Mitigates the Effects of Salt and Water Stress on the Agronomic Performance of Maize under an Agroecological System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Location and Characterisation of the Experimental Area
2.2. Experimental Design and Treatments
2.3. Irrigation Management
2.4. Agroecological Maize Production System (Plant Material, Inoculation, and Fertilisation)
2.5. Variables under Analysis
2.5.1. Growth
2.5.2. Leaf Gas Exchange
2.5.3. Yield
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Growth
3.2. Leaf Gas Exchange
3.3. Yield
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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pH | OM | N | C | P | Ca | Mg | Na | Al | H + Al | K | ECse | ESP | C/N | V | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H2O | g kg−1 | mg kg−1 | cmolc dm−3 | dS m−1 | % | % | |||||||||
5.6 | 11.59 | 0.71 | 6.72 | 20 | 3.20 | 2.60 | 0.07 | 0.35 | 2.15 | 0.17 | 0.76 | 1 | 9 | 74 | |
SD (g cm−3) | CS | FS | Silt | Clay | Textural Classification | ||||||||||
Bulk | Particle | g kg−1 | |||||||||||||
1.31 | 2.61 | 507 | 283 | 133 | 77 | Loamy Sand |
ECw (dS m−1) | ETc (%) | Total Depth Applied (mm) | |
---|---|---|---|
Uninoculated | Inoculated | ||
0.3 | 50 | 260.4 | 260.4 |
75 | 390.6 | 390.6 | |
100 | 520.8 | 520.8 | |
3.0 | 50 | 260.4 | 260.4 |
75 | 390.6 | 390.6 | |
100 | 520.8 | 520.8 |
ECw | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | K+ | Na+ | Cl− | HCO3− | pH | CE | SAR | Classification 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dS m−1 | mmolc L−1 | mmol L−1 | in H2O | dS m−1 | (mmolc L−1)0.5 | |||||
0.3 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 6.9 | 0.3 | 0.4 | C2S1 |
3.0 | 6.33 | 7.64 | 2.0 | 15.6 | 25 | 1.0 | 7.79 | 3.0 | 5.9 | C4S2 |
Organic Source | N | P | K+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
g L−1 | |||||
Cattle manure | 0.96 | 0.47 | 0.59 | 1.10 | 0.25 |
Cattle biofertiliser | 0.82 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 0.75 |
Source of Variation | DF | Mean Square | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PH | NL | SD | LA | ||
Blocks | 5 | 29.67 ns | 1.95 ns | 1.53 ns | 207.38 ns |
ECw | 1 | 0.06 ns | 2.60 ns | 87.96 ** | 5613.37 * |
Residual (ECw) | 5 | 27.97 | 0.61 | 2.74 | 412.05 |
Irrigation depths (ID) | 2 | 21.30 ns | 0.40 ns | 56.08 ** | 10,546.35 ** |
Residual (ID) | 20 | 15.37 | 0.43 | 2.49 | 974.55 |
Inoculation (INOC) | 1 | 9.56 ns | 0.33 ns | 35.25 ** | 10,360.73 ** |
Residual (INOC) | 30 | 16.57 | 0.54 | 3.05 | 1161.23 |
ECw × ID | 2 | 160.75 ** | 0.25 ns | 1.87 ns | 2864.11 ns |
ECw × INOC | 1 | 149.91 ** | 0.004 ns | 0.0007 * | 2064.59 ns |
ID × INOC | 2 | 0.24 * | 0.16 ns | 0.27 ns | 5769.978 * |
ECw × ID × INOC | 2 | 70.49 * | 1.42 ns | 4.56 ns | 654.36 ns |
CV (%)—Ecw | 5.46 | 9.49 | 12.68 | 5.47 | |
CV (%)—ID | 4.05 | 7.97 | 12.08 | 8.41 | |
CV (%)—INOC | 4.20 | 8.95 | 13.37 | 9.18 |
Source of Variation | DF | Mean Square | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | gs | Ci | E | RCI | LT | WUEi | ||
Blocks | 5 | 9.03 ns | 0.67 ns | 798.40 ns | 0.43 ** | 10.05 ns | 3.67 ns | 0.006 * |
ECw | 1 | 361.19 ** | 0.15 ns | 4504.68 * | 36.83 ** | 191.12 ** | 74.72 ** | 11.07 ** |
Residual (ECw) | 5 | 7.25 | 0.16 | 303.63 | 0.00 ** | 2.94 | 0.61 | 0.28 |
Irrigation depths (ID) | 2 | 2.14 ns | 0.26 ns | 315.25 ns | 0.25 ns | 92.35 * | 0.77 * | 0.22 ns |
Residual (ID) | 20 | 8.90 | 0.14 | 101.83 | 0.11 | 23.43 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
Inoculation (INOC) | 1 | 2.13 ns | 3.60 ** | 336.02 ns | 0.11 ns | 39.45 ns | 0.04 * | 0.01 ns |
Residual (INOC) | 30 | 3.13 | 0.18 | 110.47 | 0.16 | 9.78 | 0.02 | 0.21 |
ECw × ID | 2 | 2.86 ns | 1.46 ** | 9.75 ns | 0.58 * | 66.17 ns | 0.67 * | 0.01 ns |
ECw × INOC | 1 | 6.97 * | 2.48 ** | 595.02 * | 0.47 ns | 0.09 ns | 0.04 ns | 0.008 ns |
ID × INOC | 2 | 1.88 ns | 0.04 ns | 234.33 ns | 0.27 ns | 4.97 ns | 0.10 * | 0.006 ns |
ECw × ID × INOC | 2 | 0.78 ns | 2.57 ** | 110.47 ns | 0.18 ns | 0.87 ns | 0.02 ns | 0.27 ns |
CV (%)—ECw | 11.20 | 11.85 | 6.34 | 0.77 | 5.54 | 2.59 | 9.60 | |
CV (%)—ID | 12.41 | 10.04 | 3.67 | 7.88 | 15.62 | 1.32 | 7.03 | |
CV (%)—INOC | 7.37 | 14.05 | 3.82 | 9.11 | 10.09 | 0.50 | 8.31 |
Source of Variation | DF | Mean Square | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EL | ED | EYWS | EYWoS | ||
Blocks | 5 | 3.09 ns | 17.63 ns | 6,772,473.13 ns | 3,162,178.48 ns |
ECw | 1 | 5.15 ns | 9.90 ns | 40,862,788.82 ** | 14,079,648.00 ** |
Residual (ECw) | 5 | 1.69 | 4.58 | 1,711,897.76 | 820,739.41 |
Irrigation depths (ID) | 2 | 1.35 ns | 5.27 ns | 3,121,961.40 ns | 1,275,678.96 * |
Residual (ID) | 20 | 1.49 | 3.63 | 1,464,975.55 | 351,695.38 |
Inoculation (INOC) | 1 | 0.14 ns | 0.38 ns | 3,533,704.78 ** | 450,274.80 * |
Residual (INOC) | 30 | 0.86 | 1.96 | 363,835.20 | 309,105.44 |
ECw × ID | 2 | 0.34 ns | 1.57 ns | 5,385,095.95 * | 1,002,466.33 ns |
ECw × INOC | 1 | 3.78 * | 2.51 ns | 1,257,793.16 ns | 69,497.37 ns |
ID × INOC | 2 | 6.11 ** | 1.65 ns | 956,622.93 ns | 225,383.24 ns |
ECw × ID × INOC | 2 | 1.27 ns | 5.31 ns | 1,678,902.68 * | 1,118,325.91 * |
CV (%)—ECw | 10.92 | 6.24 | 29.91 | 29.74 | |
CV (%)—ID | 10.24 | 5.56 | 27.67 | 19.47 | |
CV (%)—INOC | 7.80 | 4.08 | 13.79 | 18.25 |
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Castelo Sousa, H.; Gomes de Sousa, G.; de Araújo Viana, T.V.; Prudêncio de Araújo Pereira, A.; Nojosa Lessa, C.I.; Pires de Souza, M.V.; da Silva Guilherme, J.M.; Ferreira Goes, G.; da Silveira Alves, F.G.; Primola Gomes, S.; et al. Bacillus aryabhattai Mitigates the Effects of Salt and Water Stress on the Agronomic Performance of Maize under an Agroecological System. Agriculture 2023, 13, 1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061150
Castelo Sousa H, Gomes de Sousa G, de Araújo Viana TV, Prudêncio de Araújo Pereira A, Nojosa Lessa CI, Pires de Souza MV, da Silva Guilherme JM, Ferreira Goes G, da Silveira Alves FG, Primola Gomes S, et al. Bacillus aryabhattai Mitigates the Effects of Salt and Water Stress on the Agronomic Performance of Maize under an Agroecological System. Agriculture. 2023; 13(6):1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061150
Chicago/Turabian StyleCastelo Sousa, Henderson, Geocleber Gomes de Sousa, Thales Vinícius de Araújo Viana, Arthur Prudêncio de Araújo Pereira, Carla Ingryd Nojosa Lessa, Maria Vanessa Pires de Souza, José Marcelo da Silva Guilherme, Geovana Ferreira Goes, Francisco Gleyson da Silveira Alves, Silas Primola Gomes, and et al. 2023. "Bacillus aryabhattai Mitigates the Effects of Salt and Water Stress on the Agronomic Performance of Maize under an Agroecological System" Agriculture 13, no. 6: 1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061150