Sowing Date and Seed Rate Influence on Septoria Leaf Blotch Occurrence in Winter Wheat
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Weather Conditions
2.3. Severity of Septoria Leaf Blotch (SLB)
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Weather Conditions during the Investigation Period
3.2. Multi-Factor Analysis of the Effect of Sowing Time and Seed Rate on the Severity of Septoria Leaf Blotch (SLB)
3.3. The Severity of Septoria Leaf Blotch on the First and Second Leaves in Winter Wheat
3.4. Effect of Sowing Time and Seed Rate on the Area under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) Values of Septoria Leaf Blotch
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | First Leaf | Second Leaf | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DF | Mean Square | F Value | Pr > F | DF | Mean Square | F Value | Pr > F | |
2021 | ||||||||
Sowing time | 2 | 60.2977 | 18.56 | <0.0001 | 2 | 50.8558 | 0.51 | 0.6054 |
Seed rate | 2 | 0.2977 | 0.09 | 0.9127 | 2 | 45.2933 | 0.46 | 0.6390 |
Sowing time × seed rate | 4 | 0.1661 | 0.05 | 0.9948 | 4 | 43.4516 | 0.44 | 0.7808 |
2022 | ||||||||
Sowing time | 2 | 494.6319 | 28.68 | <0.0001 | 2 | 1149.5902 | 19.72 | <0.0001 |
Seed rate | 2 | 70.9002 | 4.11 | 0.0276 | 2 | 308.5486 | 5.29 | 0.0115 |
Sowing time × seed rate | 4 | 11.1940 | 0.65 | 0.6325 | 4 | 26.3611 | 0.45 | 0.7700 |
Seed Rate (Seeds m−2) | Growth Stage | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BBCH 59–65 | BBCH 75 | |||||||
Sowing Time | ||||||||
Early | Optimal | Late | Mean | Early | Optimal | Late | Mean | |
2021 | ||||||||
350 | 0.05 ± 0.05 aA | 0.45 ± 0.43 aA | 0.07 ± 0.09 aA | 0.19 ± 0.30 | 7.30 ± 1.58 aAB | 9.18 ± 3.9 aB | 4.32 ± 1.26 aA | 6.93 ± 3.06 |
400 | 0.10 ± 0.08 aA | 0.55 ± 0.34 aB | 0.12 ± 0.12 aA | 0.26 ± 0.29 | 7.05 ± 1.77 aB | 8.88 ± 0.85 aB | 4.67 ± 1.35 aA | 6.87 ± 2.18 |
450 | 0.03 ± 0.05 aA | 0.98 ± 0.58 aB | 0.32 ± 0.47 aAB | 0.44 ± 0.57 | 6.75 ± 0.28 aB | 8.75 ± 2.06 aB | 4.40 ± 0.81 aA | 6.63 ± 2.19 |
Mean | 0.06 ± 0.06 * | 0.66 ± 0.48 * | 0.18 ± 0.28 * | 7.03 ± 1.27 * | 8.93 ± 2.30 * | 4.47 ± 1.06 * | ||
2022 | ||||||||
350 | 2.88 ± 0.97 aA | 2.75 ± 0.51 aA | 2.28 ± 0.57 aA | 2.64 ± 0.70 | 16.75 ± 7.04 aB | 6.00 ± 1.15 aA | 10.75 ± 2.95 aAB | 11.17 ± 6.11 |
400 | 1.95 ± 0.71 aA | 2.45 ± 0.78 aA | 2.55 ± 0.40 aA | 2.32 ± 0.65 | 18.15 ± 4.95 aB | 6.58± 0.75 aA | 8.00 ± 2.73 aA | 10.91 ± 6.15 |
450 | 2.78 ± 2.05 aA | 1.60 ± 1.01 aA | 2.65 ± 0.69 aA | 2.34 ± 1.36 | 24.13 ± 5.80 aB | 9.70 ± 1.11 bA | 11.90 ± 5.28 aA | 15.24 ± 7.81 |
Mean | 2.54 ± 1.31 | 2.27 ± 0.88 | 2.49 ± 0.54 | 19.68 ± 6.37 * | 7.43 ± 1.93 * | 10.22 ± 3.86 * |
Seed Rate (Seeds m−2) | Growth Stage | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BBCH 59–65 | BBCH 75 | |||||||
Sowing Time | ||||||||
Early | Optimal | Late | Mean | Early | Optimal | Late | Mean | |
2021 | ||||||||
350 | 2.53 ± 1.14 aA | 5.65 ± 4.14 aA | 2.58 ± 1.30 aA | 3.58 ± 2.79 | 31.38 ± 4.93 aA | 38.00 ± 9.22 aA | 33.90 ± 14.67 aA | 34.43 ± 9.83 |
400 | 2.50 ± 0.33 aA | 4.68 ± 2.36 aA | 2.55 ± 1.28 aA | 3.24 ± 1.76 | 36.00 ± 8.25 aA | 36.88 ± 7.18 aA | 31.50 ± 13.27 aA | 34.79 ± 9.31 |
450 | 2.45 ± 2.17 aA | 4.75 ± 0.75 aA | 3.25 ± 1.25 aA | 3.48 ± 1.69 | 42.25 ± 6.34 aA | 36.88 ± 5.54 aA | 34.75 ± 14.26 aA | 37.96 ± 9.25 |
Mean | 2.49 ± 1.29 * | 5.03 ± 2.56 * | 2.79 ± 1.20 * | 36.54 ± 7.60 | 37.25 ± 6.78 | 33.38 ± 12.81 | ||
2022 | ||||||||
350 | 2.73 ± 0.83 aA | 2.30 ± 0.82 aA | 6.90 ± 2.28 aB | 3.98 ± 2.54 | 40.00 ± 8.66 aB | 38.25 ± 4.27 aB | 25.38 ± 3.19 aA | 34.54 ± 8.63 * |
400 | 1.73 ± 0.79 aA | 1.73 ± 0.27 aA | 8.20 ± 3.94 aB | 3.89 ± 3.82 | 50.00 ± 12.19 aB | 45.38 ± 10.59 aB | 26.50 ± 8.78 aA | 40.63 ± 14.4 * |
450 | 2.23 ± 0.71 aA | 1.48 ± 1.01 aA | 7.03 ± 1.05 aB | 3.58 ± 2.70 | 51.63 ± 6.16 aB | 47.38 ± 3.79 aB | 34.75 ± 5.54 aA | 44.59 ± 8.87 * |
Mean | 2.23 ± 0.82 * | 1.84 ± 0.78 * | 7.38 ± 2.51 * | 47.21 ± 10.06 * | 43.67 ± 7.49 * | 28.88 ± 7.16 * |
Source | 2021 | 2022 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DF | Mean Square | F Value | Pr > F | DF | Mean Square | F Value | Pr > F | |
Sowing time | 2 | 55801.9 | 10.57 | 0.0004 | 2 | 60290.5 | 22.70 | <0.0001 |
Seed rate | 2 | 2198.6 | 0.42 | 0.6637 | 2 | 17517.7 | 6.60 | 0.0047 |
Sowing time × seed rate | 4 | 2172.6 | 0.41 | 0.7989 | 4 | 1764.6 | 0.66 | 0.6222 |
Years | From | To | I Sowing | II Sowing | III Sowing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2021 | BBCH 37–41 | BBCH 59–65 | 7.5 mm (−64%) 16.4 °C (0.7 °C) | 9.9 mm (−68%) 16.3 °C (0.5 °C) | 7.8 mm (−70%) 18.3 (2.1 °C) |
BBCH 59–65 | BBCH 75 | 24.6 mm (−50%) 20.6 °C (4.1 °C) | 22.2 mm (−43%) 22.0 °C (5.5 °C) | 22.3 mm (−54%) 22.4 °C (5.3 °C) | |
2022 | BBCH 37–41 | BBCH 59–65 | 128.6 mm (289%) 14.7 °C (−1.1 °C) | 72.3 mm (211%) 16.5 °C (0.4 °C) | 122.7 mm (272%) 16.1 °C (−0.1 °C) |
BBCH 59–65 | BBCH 75 | 53.7 mm (46%) 19.9 °C (3.2 °C) | 53.9 mm (23%) 20.0 °C (3.3 °C) | 10,5 mm (−75%) 21.2 °C (4.1 °C) |
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Almogdad, M.; Lukošiūtė-Stasiukonienė, A.; Semaškienė, R.; Mačiulytė, V. Sowing Date and Seed Rate Influence on Septoria Leaf Blotch Occurrence in Winter Wheat. Agriculture 2024, 14, 988. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14070988
Almogdad M, Lukošiūtė-Stasiukonienė A, Semaškienė R, Mačiulytė V. Sowing Date and Seed Rate Influence on Septoria Leaf Blotch Occurrence in Winter Wheat. Agriculture. 2024; 14(7):988. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14070988
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlmogdad, Mohammad, Agnė Lukošiūtė-Stasiukonienė, Roma Semaškienė, and Viktorija Mačiulytė. 2024. "Sowing Date and Seed Rate Influence on Septoria Leaf Blotch Occurrence in Winter Wheat" Agriculture 14, no. 7: 988. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14070988