Effect of Radio Frequency Vacuum Drying on Drying Characteristics and Physicochemical Quality of Codonopsis pilosula Slices
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Materials
2.2. Instrument and Equipment
2.3. Experimental Methods
2.4. Drying Characteristics
2.4.1. Dry Basis Moisture Content
2.4.2. Moisture Ratio
2.4.3. Drying Rate
2.4.4. Effective Moisture Diffusion Coefficient
2.4.5. Drying Kinetic Model
2.5. Quality Attributes
2.5.1. Color Values
2.5.2. Rehydration Ratio (RR)
2.5.3. Shrinkage Rate (SR)
2.5.4. Lobetyolin and Syringin
2.5.5. Polysaccharide Content (PC)
2.5.6. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
2.5.7. Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)
2.5.8. Antioxidant Properties (AP)
2.5.9. Microstructure
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Different Drying Conditions on the RFVD Characteristics of Codonopsis pilosula Slices
3.1.1. Effect of Different Drying Temperatures on Drying Characteristics
3.1.2. Effects of Different Slice Thicknesses on Drying Characteristics
3.1.3. Effects of Different Plate Spacing on Drying Characteristics
3.1.4. Effects of Different Vacuum Degrees on Drying Characteristics
3.1.5. Effect of Different Drying Conditions on the Effective Moisture Diffusivity (Deff)
3.1.6. Drying Kinetics Model and Validation
3.2. Effect of Different Drying Conditions on Quality Characteristics of Codonopsis pilosula Slices under RFVD
3.2.1. Color
3.2.2. Rehydration Ratio (RR) and Shrinkage Ratio (SR)
3.2.3. Effect of Different Drying Conditions on the Content of Lobetyolin and Syringin
3.2.4. Effects of Different Drying Conditions on Polysaccharide Content (PC)
3.2.5. Effects of Different Drying Conditions on Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
3.2.6. Effects of Different Drying Conditions on Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)
3.2.7. Effects of Different Drying Conditions on Antioxidant Properties (AP)
3.2.8. Microstructure
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experiments Number | Experiments Condition | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Drying Temperature (°C) | Slice Thickness (mm) | Plate Spacing (mm) | Vacuum Degree (Mpa) | |
1 | 50 | 4 | 90 | 0.025 |
2 | 55 | 4 | 90 | 0.025 |
3 | 60 | 4 | 90 | 0.025 |
4 | 55 | 3 | 90 | 0.025 |
5 | 55 | 4 | 90 | 0.025 |
6 | 55 | 5 | 90 | 0.025 |
7 | 55 | 4 | 80 | 0.025 |
8 | 55 | 4 | 90 | 0.025 |
9 | 55 | 4 | 100 | 0.025 |
10 | 55 | 4 | 90 | 0.015 |
11 | 55 | 4 | 90 | 0.025 |
12 | 55 | 4 | 90 | 0.035 |
13 | 55 | 4 | HAD |
Drying Model | Model Equation | Model Parameter |
---|---|---|
Newton | MR = exp(−kt) | k |
Midilli | MR = aexp(−ktn) + b | a; k; n; b |
Weibull | MR = exp[−(k/α)β] | α; β |
Handerson and Pabis | MR = aexp(−kt) | a; k |
Logarithmic | MR = aexp(−kt) + b | a; k; b |
Two-term exponential | MR = aexp(−kt) + (1 − a)exp(−kat) | a; k |
Experiments Number | Experiments Condition | Deff/(×10−10 m2/s) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drying Temperature (°C) | Slice Thickness (mm) | Plate Spacing (mm) | Vacuum Degree (Mpa) | ||
1 | 50 | 4 | 90 | 0.025 | 3.6233 |
2 | 55 | 4 | 90 | 0.025 | 4.2633 |
3 | 60 | 4 | 90 | 0.025 | 5.5638 |
4 | 55 | 3 | 90 | 0.025 | 4.5032 |
5 | 55 | 4 | 90 | 0.025 | 4.0028 |
6 | 55 | 5 | 90 | 0.025 | 3.6025 |
7 | 55 | 4 | 80 | 0.025 | 4.0028 |
8 | 55 | 4 | 90 | 0.025 | 4.5032 |
9 | 55 | 4 | 100 | 0.025 | 3.7268 |
10 | 55 | 4 | 90 | 0.015 | 3.6024 |
11 | 55 | 4 | 90 | 0.025 | 3.7599 |
12 | 55 | 4 | 90 | 0.035 | 4.1568 |
13 | 55 | 4 | HAD | 3.0021 |
Experiments Condition | Newton | Midilli | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | RMSE | SSE | R2 | RMSE | SSE | |
50 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9548 | 0.0029 | 2.16 × 10−4 | 0.9964 | 0.0026 | 3.78 × 10−4 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9468 | 0.0077 | 3.79 × 10−4 | 0.9991 | 0.0048 | 5.64 × 10−4 |
60 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9579 | 0.0033 | 4.28 × 10−4 | 0.9979 | 0.0037 | 4.33 × 10−4 |
55 °C/3 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9507 | 0.0044 | 4.49 × 10−4 | 0.9968 | 0.0029 | 3.21 × 10−4 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9365 | 0.0058 | 4.32 × 10−4 | 0.9947 | 0.0060 | 5.49 × 10−4 |
55 °C/5 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9476 | 0.0049 | 3.88 × 10−4 | 0.9957 | 0.0054 | 4.49 × 10−4 |
55 °C/4 mm/80 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9552 | 0.0069 | 5.54 × 10−4 | 0.9948 | 0.0058 | 5.83 × 10−4 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9446 | 0.0059 | 4.82 × 10−4 | 0.9949 | 0.0061 | 5.57 × 10−4 |
55 °C/4 mm/100 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9527 | 0.0052 | 3.92 × 10−4 | 0.9961 | 0.0049 | 4.08 × 10−4 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.015 MPa | 0.9597 | 0.0038 | 3.00 × 10−4 | 0.9991 | 0.0010 | 8.29 × 10−4 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9374 | 0.0064 | 4.67 × 10−4 | 0.9987 | 0.0034 | 6.21 × 10−4 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.035 MPa | 0.9466 | 0.0054 | 4.86 × 10−4 | 0.9969 | 0.0028 | 3.16 × 10−4 |
Experiments condition | Weibull | Handerson and Pabis | ||||
R2 | RMSE | SSE | R2 | RMSE | SSE | |
50 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9959 | 0.0010 | 5.29 × 10−4 | 0.9678 | 0.0031 | 3.89 × 10−4 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9989 | 0.0005 | 3.66 × 10−4 | 0.9527 | 0.0029 | 6.44 × 10−4 |
60 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9943 | 0.0014 | 2.75 × 10−4 | 0.9606 | 0.0033 | 4.59 × 10−4 |
55 °C/3 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9948 | 0.0006 | 5.11 × 10−4 | 0.9629 | 0.0037 | 5.67 × 10−4 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9946 | 0.0007 | 5.64 × 10−4 | 0.9564 | 0.0046 | 5.34 × 10−4 |
55 °C/5 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9956 | 0.0006 | 4.56 × 10−4 | 0.9638 | 0.0038 | 4.71 × 10−4 |
55 °C/4 mm/80 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9936 | 0.0007 | 5.78 × 10−4 | 0.9576 | 0.0048 | 6.80 × 10−4 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9948 | 0.0006 | 6.97 × 10−4 | 0.9489 | 0.0056 | 6.01 × 10−4 |
55 °C/4 mm/100 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9958 | 0.0009 | 4.39 × 10−4 | 0.9619 | 0.0040 | 4.79 × 10−4 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.015 MPa | 0.9977 | 0.0003 | 2.14 × 10−4 | 0.9707 | 0.0028 | 3.61 × 10−4 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9932 | 0.0008 | 6.98 × 10−4 | 0.9493 | 0.0052 | 5.89 × 10−4 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.035 MPa | 0.9950 | 0.0006 | 5.04 × 10−4 | 0.9561 | 0.0045 | 6.12 × 10−4 |
Experiments condition | Logarithmic | Two-term exponential | ||||
R2 | RMSE | SSE | R2 | RMSE | SSE | |
50 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9921 | 0.0021 | 4.27 × 10−4 | 0.9645 | 0.0017 | 0.0029 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9923 | 0.0037 | 3.95 × 10−4 | 0.9660 | 0.0039 | 0.0128 |
60 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9894 | 0.0019 | 5.49 × 10−4 | 0.9801 | 0.0033 | 0.0046 |
55 °C/3 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9946 | 0.0005 | 5.39 × 10−4 | 0.9718 | 0.0028 | 0.0280 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9868 | 0.0014 | 3.70 × 10−4 | 0.9672 | 0.0034 | 0.0411 |
55 °C/5 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9865 | 0.0014 | 4.21 × 10−4 | 0.9737 | 0.0027 | 0.0356 |
55 °C/4 mm/80 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9841 | 0.0018 | 1.79 × 10−4 | 0.9696 | 0.0034 | 0.0374 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9883 | 0.0013 | 11.2 × 10−4 | 0.9603 | 0.0043 | 0.0520 |
55 °C/4 mm/100 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9886 | 0.0012 | 1.19 × 10−4 | 0.9869 | 0.0014 | 0.0179 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.015 MPa | 0.9969 | 0.0003 | 2.92 × 10−4 | 0.9794 | 0.0020 | 0.0254 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 0.9905 | 0.0010 | 9.79 × 10−4 | 0.9605 | 0.0041 | 0.0447 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.035 MPa | 0.9934 | 0.0007 | 6.66 × 10−4 | 0.9668 | 0.0034 | 0.0337 |
Experiments Condition | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
---|---|---|---|---|
HAD | 64.92 ± 0.49 | 1.81 ± 0.25 | 22.01 ± 2.48 | 17.85 ± 0.59 |
50 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 64.63 ± 2.26 | 1.76 ± 0.89 | 20.41 ± 2.65 | 10.33 ± 1.21 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 71.48 ± 1.15 | 3.42 ± 0.65 | 21.76 ± 2.55 | 12.36 ± 1.33 |
60 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 79.91 ± 1.29 | 2.49 ± 0.44 | 18.93 ± 2.14 | 8.17 ± 0.45 |
55 °C/3 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 74.13 ± 2.01 | 2.40 ± 0.89 | 21.92 ± 1.59 | 10.31 ± 0.62 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 74.93 ± 2.55 | 2.62 ± 0.58 | 20.75 ± 0.94 | 8.53 ± 0.42 |
55 °C/5 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 69.33 ± 1.29 | 3.87 ± 0.14 | 22.73 ± 2.88 | 14.68 ± 1.22 |
55 °C/4 mm/80 mm/0.025 MPa | 76.2 ± 3.89 | 3.04 ± 0.33 | 22.71 ± 3.15 | 9.86 ± 0.59 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 77.97 ± 4.48 | 2.86 ± 0.41 | 20.04 ± 2.45 | 6.77 ± 2.08 |
55 °C/4 mm/100 mm/0.025 MPa | 72.75 ± 3.27 | 1.28 ± 0.55 | 20.59 ± 3.14 | 10.35 ± 2.01 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.015 MPa | 69.69 ± 1.29 | 1.77 ± 0.26 | 19.01 ± 2.66 | 12.38 ± 0.89 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.025 MPa | 71.38 ± 4.89 | 1.51 ± 0.18 | 18.81 ± 0.89 | 6.12 ± 2.11 |
55 °C/4 mm/90 mm/0.035 MPa | 76.24 ± 2.11 | 0.82 ± 0.31 | 79.4 ± 2.59 | 6.83 ± 0.94 |
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Share and Cite
Ma, W.; Zang, Z.; Wu, B.; Ma, G.; Wan, F.; Xu, Y.; Huang, X. Effect of Radio Frequency Vacuum Drying on Drying Characteristics and Physicochemical Quality of Codonopsis pilosula Slices. Agriculture 2024, 14, 1495. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091495
Ma W, Zang Z, Wu B, Ma G, Wan F, Xu Y, Huang X. Effect of Radio Frequency Vacuum Drying on Drying Characteristics and Physicochemical Quality of Codonopsis pilosula Slices. Agriculture. 2024; 14(9):1495. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091495
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Wenli, Zepeng Zang, Bowen Wu, Guojun Ma, Fangxin Wan, Yanrui Xu, and Xiaopeng Huang. 2024. "Effect of Radio Frequency Vacuum Drying on Drying Characteristics and Physicochemical Quality of Codonopsis pilosula Slices" Agriculture 14, no. 9: 1495. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091495