Safety Assessment of Honeys from Northern and Southern Algerian Regions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples
2.2. Chemicals and Reagents
2.3. Inorganic Elements
2.4. DMA-80 Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Assessment of Contaminant Exposure through Diet
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Validation of the ICP-MS and DMA-80 Methods
3.2. Mineral Elements in Honey Samples
3.3. Statistical Analysis
3.3.1. Geographical Origin
3.3.2. Botanical Origin
3.4. Uptake of Elements by Honey Samples
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Area | Code Samples | N. of Samples | Geographical Origin | Botanical Origin |
---|---|---|---|---|
North Algeria | EST | 3 | Tiaret | Eruca sativa |
MT,L | 9 | Tiaret/Laghouat | Multifloral | |
ZT,L | 9 | Tiaret/Laghouat | Ziziphus lotus | |
BMT | 3 | Tiaret | Bunium mauritanicum | |
ET | 3 | Tiaret | Echinops ssp. | |
EGL | 3 | Laghouat | Eucaliptus globulus | |
EOL | 6 | Laghouat | Euphorbia orientalis | |
TEL | 3 | Laghouat | Tamarix L. and Euphorbia orientalis | |
South Algeria | ESTD | 6 | Tindouf | Eruca sativa |
EOTD | 3 | Tindouf | Euphorbia orientalis | |
ETD | 3 | Tindouf | Echinops spp. | |
PHTD | 3 | Tindouf | Peganum harmala | |
Total | 54 |
Sample Code | Geographical Origin | Ca | Mg | Na |
---|---|---|---|---|
EST | North Sahara | 108.16 ± 9.45 a | 55.17 ± 3.45 | 85.89 ± 6.99 |
MT,L | 100.85 ± 5.51 a,b,c | 57.57 ± 10.89 | 67.26 ± 21.59 | |
ZT,L | 96.63 ± 4.79 a,b,d | 68.12 ± 13.67 | 55.23 ± 15.42 | |
BMT | 105.27 ± 6.06 a | 46.29 ± 3.39 | 88.13 ± 8.52 | |
ET | 100.33 ± 5.57 a,b,c,d | 48.16 ± 3.45 | 82.24 ± 6.39 | |
EGL | 89.23 ± 6.19 b,c,d,f | 72.13 ± 8.12 | 42.78 ± 7.02 | |
EOL | 93.33 ± 7.41 a,b,d,f | 80.90 ± 5.85 | 43.93 ± 5.55 | |
TEL | 110.34 ± 10.42 a | 49.88 ± 3.12 | 42.39 ± 5.82 | |
ESTD | South Sahara | 75.03 ± 5.52 e,g | 54.75 ± 11.28 | 75.27 ± 2.89 |
EOTD | 84.14 ± 2.53 d,f | 51.17 ± 4.67 | 38.55 ± 1.62 | |
ETD | 101.34 ± 4.61 a,b,d | 49.50 ± 1.94 | 76.10 ± 2.46 | |
PHTD | 73.23 ± 2.15 e,g | 101.70 ± 3.16 | 92.11 ± 1.81 | |
p-Value | 0.000 | 0.493 | 0.302 |
Sample Code | Geographical Origin | Fe | Co | Cr | Cu | Mn | Ti | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EST | North Sahara | 11.33 ± 2.92 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.94 ± 0.07 | 7.92 ± 0.40 |
MT,L | 17.53 ± 8.33 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.32 ± 0.11 a,b,c,d,e,f | 0.72 ± 0.08 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | <LOQ | 14.57 ± 0.69 | |
ZT,L | 17.69 ± 5.51 | <LOQ | 0.17 ± 0.10 a,b,d,e,f | 0.47 ± 0.07 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | <LOQ | 8.45 ± 0.96 | |
BMT | 10.76 ± 3.25 | <LOQ | 0.30 ± 0.06 a | 1.03 ± 0.08 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | <LOQ | 10.31 ± 0.31 | |
ET | 12.45 ± 2.37 | <LOQ | 0.35 ± 0.07 a | 0.80 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | <LOQ | 6.88 ± 0.20 | |
EGL | 18.54 ± 4.59 | <LOQ | 0.19 ± 0.05 a,b,d,e | 0.29 ± 0.08 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | <LOQ | 11.51 ± 0.20 | |
EOL | 20.29 ± 5.05 | <LOQ | 0.14 ± 0.04 a,b,d,e,f | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 8.77 ± 0.39 | |
TEL | 14.31 ± 3.14 | <LOQ | 0.04 ± 0.01 a,c | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 9.71 ± 0.17 | |
ESTD | South Sahara | 13.03 ± 3.60 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.52 ± 0.11 | 16.90 ± 2.60 |
EOTD | 18.52 ± 1.32 | <LOQ | 0.10 ± 0.03 a,b,d,e,f | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 9.97 ± 0.37 | |
ETD | 13.93 ± 0.64 | <LOQ | 0.15 ± 0.04 a,b,d,e,f | 0.46 ± 0.07 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | <LOQ | 8.11 ± 0.51 | |
PHTD | 19.19 ± 0.34 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.03 a,b,d,e,f | 0.64 ± 0.04 | 0.28 ± 0.04 | <LOQ | 7.43 ± 0.27 | |
p-Value | 0.877 | - | 0.003 | 0.132 | 0.791 | - | 0.344 |
Sample Code | Geographical Origin | As | Cd | Ni | Pb | Sb | Sn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EST | North Sahara | <LOQ | 0.29 ± 0.12a | <LOQ | 0.17 ± 0.01 a | <LOQ | <LOQ |
MT,L | 0.21 ± 0.05 | 1.15 ± 0.85 a,d,e,f,g | 0.33 ± 0.03 | 0.67 ± 0.44 a,b,c,f | <LOQ | 0.34 ± 0.05 | |
ZT,L | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 1.10 ± 0.81 a,d,e,f,g | 0.27 ± 0.04 | 1.40 ± 0.12 d,e | <LOQ | 0.10 ± 0.03 | |
BMT | 1.09 ± 0.16 | 3.03 ± 0.19 b,c | <LOQ | 1.08 ± 0.08 a,b | 0.53 ± 0.05 | 0.51 ± 0.07 | |
ET | 1.57 ± 0.20 | 3.11 ± 0.16 b,c | <LOQ | 0.79 ± 0.06 a,c | 0.55 ± 0.08 | 0.50 ± 0.04 | |
EGL | <LOQ | 1.25 ± 0.12 a,d | 0.31 ± 0.04 | 1.38 ± 0.08 d,e | <LOQ | 0.34 ± 0.09 | |
EOL | <LOQ | 0.89 ± 0.12 a,e,g | 0.38 ± 0.07 | 0.17 ± 0.04 a | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
TEL | <LOQ | 0.36 ± 0.11 a | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
ESTD | South Sahara | <LOQ | 0.51 ± 0.06 a,f | <LOQ | 0.16 ± 0.02 a | <LOQ | <LOQ |
EOTD | <LOQ | 0.38 ± 0.06 a | 0.33 ± 0.03 | 0.21 ± 0.03 a,f | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
ETD | 1.13 ± 0.09 | 0.94 ± 0.13 a,e,g | <LOQ | 0.27 ± 0.05 a,f | <LOQ | 0.26 ± 0.05 | |
PHTD | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 h | 0.17 ± 0.06 | 0.04 ± 0.01 g | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
p-Value | - | 0.010 | - | 0.038 | - | - |
EDI (mg/d or µg/d *) | RDA [31] (mg/d or µg/d *) | AI [32] (mg/d) | AR [32] (mg/d) | PRI [32] (mg/d) | UL [32] (mg/d) | % RDA or AI | % UL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North Sahara | South Sahara | |||||||||
Mg | Europe | 9.54 × 10−2 | 1.15 × 10−1 a | 375 a | 350 | 250 a | 0.03 | 0.05 | ||
North Africa | 1.59 × 10−2 | 1.92 × 10−2 a | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||||
Ca | Europe | 1.82 × 10−1 a | 1.49 × 10−1 | 800 a | 860 | 1000 | 2500 a | 0.02 | 0.01 | |
North Africa | 3.03 × 10−2 a | 2.49 × 10−2 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
Na | Europe | 1.15 × 10−1 | 1.28 × 10−1 a | 2000 a | 0.01 | |||||
North Africa | 1.92 × 10−2 | 2.13 × 10−2 a | 0.00 | |||||||
Fe | Europe | 2.70 × 10−2 | 2.88 × 10−2 a | 14 a | 6 | 11 | 0.21 | |||
North Africa | 4.50 × 10−3 | 4.80 × 10−3 a | 0.03 | |||||||
Cu | Europe | 1.19 × 10−3 a | 9.90 × 10−4 | 1 a | 1.6 | 5a | 0.12 | 0.02 | ||
North Africa | 1.98 × 10−4 a | 1.65 × 10−4 | 0.02 | 0.00 | ||||||
Cr | Europe | 3.78 × 10−1 a* | 1.98 × 10−1 * | 40 a* | 0.95 | |||||
North Africa | 6.30 × 10−2 a* | 3.30 × 10−2 * | 0.16 | |||||||
Mn | Europe | 9.00 × 10−5 | 3.06 × 10−4 a | 2 a | 3 | 0.01 | ||||
North Africa | 1.50 × 10−5 | 5.10 × 10−5 a | 0.00 | |||||||
Zn | Europe | 1.76 × 10−2 | 1.98 × 10−2 a | 10 a | 7.5-9.3-11-12.7 b | 9.4-11.7-14-16.3 b | 25 a | 0.20 | 0.08 | |
North Africa | 2.93 × 10−3 | 3.30 × 10−3 a | 0.03 | 0.01 | ||||||
Mo | Europe | n.d. | n.d. | 45 * [65] | 2 [65] | |||||
North Africa | n.d. | n.d. | ||||||||
Li | Europe | n.d. | n.d. | 1 [66] | ||||||
North Africa | n.d. | n.d. |
EDI (µg/kgb.w./d) | TDI (µg/kgb.w./d) | TWI (µg/kgb.w./w) | BMDL01 (µg/kgb.w./d) | PTWI (µg/kgb.w./w) | UI (µg/kgb.w./w) | PMTDI (µg/kgb.w./d) | % TDI or TWI or BMDL01 or PTWI | % UI or PMTDI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North Sahara | South Sahara | ||||||||||
As | Europe | 2.57 × 10−2 a | 1.54 × 10−2 | 0.3 a-8 [33] | 15 [40] | 8.57 | |||||
North Africa | 4.3 × 10−3 a | 2.6 × 10−3 | 1.43 | ||||||||
Be | Europe | n.d. | n.d. | no reference values | |||||||
North Africa | n.d. | n.d. | |||||||||
Cd | Europe | 3.60 × 10−2 a | 1.21 × 10−2 | 2.5 a [35] | 7 [42] | 10.08 | |||||
North Africa | 6.00 × 10−3 a | 2.01 × 10−3 | 1.68 | ||||||||
Co | Europe | 1.03 × 10−3 a | 7.71 × 10−4 | 1.6 a [37] | 0.45 | ||||||
North Africa | 1.71 × 10−4 a | 1.29 × 10−4 | 0.07 | ||||||||
Cu | Europe | 2.57 × 10−2 a | 1.54 × 10−2 | 3500 a [67] | 500 a [67] | 0.005 | 0.005 | ||||
North Africa | 4.29 × 10−3 a | 2.36 × 10−3 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||||||
Mn | Europe | 1.29 × 10−3 | 4.37 × 10−3 a | 2500 a [67] | 360 a [67] | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
North Africa | 2.14 × 10−4 | 7.29 × 10−4 a | 0.0002 | 0.0002 | |||||||
Ni | Europe | 8.23 × 10−3 a | 6.43 × 10−3 | 22 a [43] | 2.8 a [38] | 0.04 | 2.06 | ||||
North Africa | 1.37 × 10−3 a | 1.07 × 10−3 | 0.01 | 0.34 | |||||||
Pb | Europe | 2.08 × 10−2a | 4.37 × 10−3 | 0.5 a [34] | 25 [41] | 4.16 | |||||
North Africa | 3.47 × 10−3 a | 7.29 × 10−4 | 0.69 | ||||||||
Sb | Europe | 1.39 × 10−2 a | n.d. | 6 a | 1.62 | ||||||
North Africa | 2.31 × 10−3 a | n.d. | 0.27 | ||||||||
Sn | Europe | 9.26 × 10−3 | 6.69 × 10−3 | no reference values | |||||||
North Africa | 1.54 × 10−3 | 1.11 × 10−3 | |||||||||
Ti | Europe | 2.42 × 10−2 | 1.34 × 10−2 | no reference values | |||||||
North Africa | 4.03 × 10−3 | 2.23 × 10−3 | |||||||||
Zn | Europe | 2.52 × 10−1 | 2.73 × 10−1 a | 7000 a [67] | 1000 a [67] | 0.03 | 0.03 | ||||
North Africa | 4.20 × 10−2 | 4.54 × 10−2 a | 0.005 | 0.005 | |||||||
Hg | Europe | n.d. | n.d. | 4 [36] | 5 [39] | ||||||
North Africa | n.d. | n.d. |
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Derrar, S.; Nava, V.; Ayad, M.A.; Saim, M.S.; Aggad, H.; Spanò, I.M.; Litrenta, F.; Leonardi, M.; Albergamo, A.; Lo Turco, V.; et al. Safety Assessment of Honeys from Northern and Southern Algerian Regions. Agriculture 2024, 14, 1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091503
Derrar S, Nava V, Ayad MA, Saim MS, Aggad H, Spanò IM, Litrenta F, Leonardi M, Albergamo A, Lo Turco V, et al. Safety Assessment of Honeys from Northern and Southern Algerian Regions. Agriculture. 2024; 14(9):1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091503
Chicago/Turabian StyleDerrar, Sofiane, Vincenzo Nava, Mohamed Amine Ayad, Mohamed Said Saim, Hebib Aggad, Irene Maria Spanò, Federica Litrenta, Michelangelo Leonardi, Ambrogina Albergamo, Vincenzo Lo Turco, and et al. 2024. "Safety Assessment of Honeys from Northern and Southern Algerian Regions" Agriculture 14, no. 9: 1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091503