Sulfate Nutrition Modulates the Oxidative Response against Short-Term Al3+-Toxicity Stress in Lolium perenne cv. Jumbo Shoot Tissues
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Experimental Growth Conditions and Plant Leaves Tissue Collection
2.2. Aluminum, Calcium, and Magnesium Estimation in Plant Leaves via Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
2.3. Sulfur Estimation in L. perenne Leaves via Gravimetry
2.4. Lipid Peroxidation Measurements
2.5. Ascorbic Acid and Dehydroascorbic Acid Quantitation
2.6. Quantitation of Oxidized (GSSG) and Reduced (GSH) Glutathione in Leaves of L. perenne
2.7. Protein Extraction from L. perenne Leaf Tissue and Calculation of ROS Enzymatic Activities
2.8. Total RNA Extraction from Leaves of Lolium perenne and qRT-PCR Assays
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sulfate Supplementation Modulates Total Proteins, Calcium, Magnesium and TBARs Concentration in Leaves of Plants Subjected to Al3+ Toxicity
3.2. Sulfate Supplementation Modulated Photosynthetic Response in Leaves of Plants Subjected to Al3+ Toxicity
3.3. Sulfate Supply Modulates Antioxidant Metabolites in Shoots of L. perenne cv. Jumbo Exposed to Al3+ Toxicity
3.4. Sulfate Supplementation Modulates Enzyme Activity and Gene Expression of ROS Scavenging Enzymes in Shoots of L. perenne cv. Jumbo Exposed to Al3+ Toxicity
4. Discussion
4.1. Adequate Sulfate Supply Recovered Membrane Damage, and Mineral Uptake; but Not Total Protein Amount after Al3+ Toxicity Exposure
4.2. Adequate Sulfate Supplementation Was Able to Maintain Photosynthetic Parameters in Leaves of L. perennial cv. Jumbo Exposed to Al3+ Toxicity
4.3. Sulfate Supplementation Activates ROS Defense Mechanism in Leaves of L. perennial cv. Jumbo Exposed to Al3+ Toxicity
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Type | Sequence (5′->3′) | Tm (°C) | Product Size (pb) |
---|---|---|---|---|
26s proteosome subunit (26S) | Forward | TGCTTAGTTCCCCTAAGATAGTGA | 54 | 142 |
Reverse | CTGAGACCAAACACGATTTCA | |||
RuBisCO (RuBisCO) | Forward | TCATATCGAGCCTGTTGCTG | 60 | 144 |
Reverse | AGAGCACGTAGGGCTTTGAA | |||
Chlorophyll A binding protein (ChlAbp) | Forward | GCGCTCGGCCTATAATCTAC | 60 | 170 |
Reverse | AACACACCACCCGAAAGAAG | |||
Ferredoxin (Fered) | Forward | CGTCATCGAGACCCACAAGG | 58 | 93 |
Reverse | GGTGGCGATGCCCATGTA | |||
Copper–zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) | Forward | CTCTTGCTAAGCTCATGTCC | 57 | 49 |
Reverse | TCCTGGACTTCATGGCTTC | |||
Iron superoxide dismu-tase (Fe-SOD) | Forward | GAAGCATCAGCAGGATCAC | 58 | 70 |
Reverse | GTTAACTACCGAGAGTTTCCTC | |||
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) | Forward | GCTCTATCTGGTGGCCACAG | 57 | 82 |
Reverse | TCAGAGGATCACGGGTCCAT | |||
Glutathione reductase (GR) | Forward | TATCCGTCGTGGGTCTCAGT | 57 | 84 |
Reverse | GACAGACTTCTCCTGCCGTT |
Sulfate Nutrition (µM) | RuBisCO | ChlAbp | Fered |
---|---|---|---|
120 | 7.54 * ± 2.20 | 11.49 * ± 3.96 | 2.24 * ± 0.40 |
240 | 1.84 ± 1.09 | 1.17 ± 0.55 | 1.12 ± 0.15 |
360 | 1.54 ± 0.24 | 1.30 ± 0.20 | 0.26 * ± 0.02 |
Sulfate Nutrition (µM) | Fe-SOD | Cu/Zn SOD | APX | GR |
---|---|---|---|---|
120 | 1.69 * ± 0.26 | 0.86 ± 0.15 | 1.63 * ± 0.34 | 0.93 ± 0.16 |
240 | 1.27 ± 0.13 | 1.11 ± 0.11 | 0.98 ± 0.03 | 1.01 ± 0.03 |
360 | 0.47 * ± 0.12 | 0.60 ± 0.12 | 0.47 * ± 0.07 | 0.80 ± 0.07 |
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Vera-Villalobos, H.; Lunario-Delgado, L.; Gálvez, A.S.; Román-Silva, D.; Mercado-Seguel, A.; Wulff-Zottele, C. Sulfate Nutrition Modulates the Oxidative Response against Short-Term Al3+-Toxicity Stress in Lolium perenne cv. Jumbo Shoot Tissues. Agriculture 2024, 14, 1506. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091506
Vera-Villalobos H, Lunario-Delgado L, Gálvez AS, Román-Silva D, Mercado-Seguel A, Wulff-Zottele C. Sulfate Nutrition Modulates the Oxidative Response against Short-Term Al3+-Toxicity Stress in Lolium perenne cv. Jumbo Shoot Tissues. Agriculture. 2024; 14(9):1506. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091506
Chicago/Turabian StyleVera-Villalobos, Hernan, Lizzeth Lunario-Delgado, Anita S. Gálvez, Domingo Román-Silva, Ana Mercado-Seguel, and Cristián Wulff-Zottele. 2024. "Sulfate Nutrition Modulates the Oxidative Response against Short-Term Al3+-Toxicity Stress in Lolium perenne cv. Jumbo Shoot Tissues" Agriculture 14, no. 9: 1506. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091506